Anopheles types and two newly reported species in Bazoft section of Farsan district, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 1998

In past history, Malaria had been one of the most prevalent native disease in Iran and around the world, that caused a lot of economic and social losses. Some of the anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of Malaria, thus recognizing their species and ecology is important to fight the disease. For this purpose, this research was performed in Bazoft section of Farsan district, which is one of the focuses of Malaria transmission in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The survey included ten villages over a six months period (May to October 1998). In each village four human places and four animal places and larval habitats were chosen and sampling was performed every fifteen days. Adult mosquitoes were collected by the following methods: Hand catch, Total catch, Night biting and Shelter pit. Larvae were collected by ladling. A total of 1769 adult Anopheles and 2583 larvae were hunted, which belonged to the following species: An.superpictus (67.2%), An.maculipennis (27.2%), An.dthaly (2.4%), An.martri (2.2%), An.claviger (1%). Dthaly and claviger species are reported for the first time in this province. Ecologically, superpictus species was the most prevailed one and dispersed over the entire area. Its maximum activity is during late July to early August, and its seasonal activity begins from the second half of may to late September. In Night biting 55% of this species was hunted from animals. Night biting rate for each individual was 1.1. Based on ELISA test, anthropophilic degree of this species was 28.5%. The sporozoit and oocyst rate was zero. In ovary anatomy, parus rate was 37% and up to 4 dilatations was observed

Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti and Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi in endemic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Morocco, cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted by <it>Phlebotomus sergenti </it>and <it>Ph. papatasi</it>. Vector control is mainly based on environmental management but indoor residual spraying with synthetic pyrethroids is applied in many foci of <it>Leishmania tropica</it>. However, the levels and distribution of sandfly susceptibility to insecticides currently used has not been studied yet. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish the susceptibility status of <it>Ph. sergenti </it>and <it>Ph. papatasi </it>to lambdacyhalothrin, DDT and malathion.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The insecticide susceptibility status of <it>Ph. sergenti </it>and <it>Ph. papatasi </it>was assessed during 2011, following the standard WHO technique based on discriminating dosage. A series of twenty-five susceptibility tests were carried out on wild populations of <it>Ph. sergenti </it>and <it>Ph. papatasi </it>collected by CDC light traps from seven villages in six different provinces. Knockdown rates (KDT) were noted at 5 min intervals during the exposure to DDT and to lambdacyhalothrin. After one hour of exposure, sandflies were transferred to the observation tubes for 24 hours. After this period, mortality rate was calculated. Data were analyzed by Probit analysis program to determine the knockdown time 50% and 90% (KDT50 and KDT90) values.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Study results showed that <it>Ph.sergenti </it>and <it>Ph. papatasi </it>were susceptible to all insecticides tested. Comparison of KDT values showed a clear difference between the insecticide knockdown effect in studied villages. This effect was lower in areas subject to high selective public health insecticide pressure in the framework of malaria or leishmaniasis control.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>Phlebotomus sergenti </it>and <it>Ph. papatasi </it>are susceptible to the insecticides tested in the seven studied villages but they showed a low knockdown effect in Azilal, Chichaoua and Settat. Therefore, a study of insecticide susceptibility of these vectors in other foci of leishmaniasis is recommended and the level of their susceptibility should be regularly monitored.</p

TREATMENT OF URBAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN IRAN WITH CYCLOGUANIL PAMOATE

One hundred one cases of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis from Mashad and Teh ran were placed under treatment with either one or two sim ultaneous standa rd doses of cycloguanil parnoate. Out of 101 patients, 96 were followed until the 120th day; 31 (31 per cent ) recovered with in 60 days, ?3 (&apos;3 per cent) recovered utter between 60 and I70 days, and 42 (42 per cent) did not respond. A higher recovery rate was o bserved in subjects who received two simultaneous doses of the drug (38 per cent cithin 60 days), Recovery ra te was also higher in the patients from Tehran who were children aged 7 to 12 yea rs, However, our results indicate that Carnolar is less effective than pentavalent an imonial (Glucantime). The side-effects of the drug were tenderness (83 per cent), induration (27 per cent) fever (6 per cent) and abscess (2 per cent). No changes in complete blood count were observed. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was higher when two simultaneous doses were given

Sand fly funa in Kashan, 1990-97

History and Objectives: Since Leishmaniasis and Papataci fever are of major health concern in our country and sand fly is the sole known means of transmission of the diseases, the present study will determine the funa of sand fly in rural and urban regions of Kashan between 1990 to 1997. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on some region of rural and urban areas of Kashan out which had fairly wide ecologic and temperate variation. 11057 sand fly samples were collected from Kashan, Aran, Bidgol, Ghamsar and 9 rural areas. Sand flies were collected by sticky paper, hand capture aspiration from inside and outside of homes and nests. The identification of the sand fly was determined by existing diagnostic clues after they were cleared. Results: Overall, 17 types of sand fly belonging to 2 types of phlebotomus (11 types) and sergentomia (6 types) were identified. Highest rate of captured was for phlebotomus papataci (62), phlebotomus sergentani (17) and sergentomia sintini (14). Phlebotomus papataci was the major type at captured from homes and nests. Most sand flies were collected from mountainous regions. Conclusion: Identification of funa of sand flies in the region is important. It is suggested that further research on the life habits of insects, which is directly related to the epidemiology of the disease and determination of preventive measures is suggested

Distribution of Soft Ticks and Their Natural Infection with Borrelia in a Focus of Relapsing Fever in Iran

Tick-borne diseases such as relapsing fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) are of public health impor&amp;not;tance in Iran. There are 471 reported cases of relapsing fever in 2003, according to the Ministry of Health of Iran.The num&amp;not;ber of cases has been increased in recent years. Its distribution is more or less prevalent in different parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to find out the fauna and natural infection of soft ticks with Borrelia in Qazvin Province, during their sea&amp;not;sonal activity. The province covers 15821 km&amp;sup2; between 48-45 to 50-50 east of Greenwich Meridian of longitude and 35-37 to 36-45 north latitude of the equator. For this purpose a field study was carried out in the region. A total of 54 villages from 19 districts were selected ran&amp;not;domly and ticks were collected from their habitats according to the standard method. A total of 3197 Argasidae ticks were collected from human dwellings, poultry and animal shelters. They belonged to Argas and Or&amp;not;nithodoros genera which 36.8% were Argas persicus, 4% A. reflexus, 6.4% O. canestrini, 45.5% O. lahorensis and 7.3% O. tholozani. It should be noted that 12 ticks of O. erraticus were collected from 12 rodents borrows. We found that 8.82 % of O. tholozani ticks were infected with Borrelia persica and half of the O. erraticus were infected with Borrelia microti. All the people who are in&amp;not;volved with veterinary activities should be aware of disease transmission by the ticks. In the endemic area of the disease tick control is recommended