Evaluation De La Performance De L’irrigation En Utilisant L’indice Du Taux De Satisfaction En Eau Du Périmètre Irrigué De Saga Dans La Vallée Du Fleuve Niger

Au Niger, la culture irriguée est la principale alternative pour sécuriser la production agricole. Cependant, la plupart des systèmes d'irrigation sont confrontés à de très graves problèmes de gestion des ressources. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les performances hydrauliques de l'aménagement hydroagricole de Saga au Niger à travers la collecte de données in situ face aux revues de littérature. Les besoins en eau du riz ont été estimés selon la norme internationale (FAO) à l'aide du logiciel Croppat 8.0. Le tableur Microsoft Excel 2016 pour calculer les différents flux et autres variables étudiés. A la suite de cette enquête, il a été constaté que le niveau de satisfaction moyen de la culture du riz était de 73% en humide et de 82% en saison sèche. La quantité moyenne d'eau nécessaire à l'irrigation est estimée à environ 82 % en saison sèche et 51 % de la quantité d'eau d'irrigation requise en humide. D'un point de vue agricole, le rapport production/volume d'eau du riz paddy est de 1,16 kg/m3 en saison des pluies, contre 0,45 kg/m3 en campagne de saison sèche. Ce résultat est principalement dû à une mauvaise gestion de l'irrigation périphérique. De ces analyses, il ressort clairement que la quantité d'eau pompée ne répond pas aux besoins d'irrigation de la zone environnante, reflétant la faible performance hydraulique autour du périmètre de riziculture irriguée de Saga. Mots clés : Périmètre rizicole, productivité de l’eau, taux de satisfaction, Indicateurs de performance, Niger

Perceptions Paysannes Des Aléas Climatiques Sur La Production Du Riz Sur Le Périmètre Irrigué De Saga Dans La Vallée Du Fleuve Niger

L’objectif général poursuivi est d’analyser la perception des aléas climatiques auprès des exploitants en milieu urbain. Pour ce faire, des entretiens semi-structurés et des enquêtes ont été effectués. Au total 140 exploitants disponible ont été enquêtés. Un critère d’âge de sélection des exploitants variant de 15 à 50 ans a permis de s’assurer que les stratégies développées font suite à une perception effective des changements.  L’analyse des données a été faite par le logiciel Access et Excel pour le calcul des paramètres statistiques descriptifs et la réalisation de graphiques. Ces derniers observent l’existence des paramètres climatiques qui interviennent dans leur pratique à 90%. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent que 66 % des exploitants ont un niveau d’instruction assez bas. Face aux aléas climatiques les exploitants mettent en œuvre des stratégies durables d’adaptations qui participent à l’amélioration des rendements.80 % des exploitants font recourt aux variétés locales et adoptent des stratégies diverses à la pratique d’irrigation et Le drainage et le curage des cours d’eau (30%) ;adoption  des variétés résistantes au stress thermique et de variétés de cycle court (65%), décalage des dates de semis et irrigation (15%).Les principaux déterminants de l’adoption des stratégies adaptatives sont variables de perception. De ce fait, la nature et l’efficacité des stratégies utilisées mettent en évidence le caractère vulnérable des exploitants par des contraintes matérielles, financières et techniques et l’accès à l’information. Ainsi, malgré les stratégies mises en place, les exploitants sont soumis d’une part à une vulnérabilité tant sociale qu’aux vulnérabilités de production. The general objective is to analyze the perception of climatic hazards among farmers in urban areas. To do this, semi-structured interviews and surveys were conducted. A total of 140 available farmers were surveyed. An age criterion for the selection of farmers ranging from 15 to 50 years old was used to ensure that the strategies developed were based on an effective perception of changes.  The data was analyzed using Access and Excel software to calculate descriptive statistical parameters and to produce graphs. The graphs show the existence of climatic parameters that are involved in 90% of their practices. The results of the research reveal that 66% of the farmers have a fairly low level of education. Faced with climatic hazards, farmers implement sustainable adaptation strategies that help improve yields. 80% of farmers use local varieties and adopt various strategies for irrigation and drainage (30%); adoption of heat stress resistant varieties and short cycle varieties (65%); and shifting of sowing dates and irrigation (15%).The main determinants of the adoption of adaptive strategies vary in perception. As a result, the nature and effectiveness of the strategies used highlight the vulnerability of farmers due to material, financial and technical constraints and access to information. Thus, despite the strategies implemented, farmers are subject to both social and production vulnerabilities

Emergence of Epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup X Meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso

Serogroup X meningococci (NmX) historically have caused sporadic and clustered meningitis cases in sub-Saharan Africa. To study recent NmX epidemiology, we analyzed data from population-based, sentinel and passive surveillance, and outbreak investigations of bacterial meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso during 2006–2010. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were analyzed by PCR. In Togo during 2006–2009, NmX accounted for 16% of the 702 confirmed bacterial meningitis cases. Kozah district experienced an NmX outbreak in March 2007 with an NmX seasonal cumulative incidence of 33/100,000. In Burkina Faso during 2007–2010, NmX accounted for 7% of the 778 confirmed bacterial meningitis cases, with an increase from 2009 to 2010 (4% to 35% of all confirmed cases, respectively). In 2010, NmX epidemics occurred in northern and central regions of Burkina Faso; the highest district cumulative incidence of NmX was estimated as 130/100,000 during March–April. Although limited to a few districts, we have documented NmX meningitis epidemics occurring with a seasonal incidence previously only reported in the meningitis belt for NmW135 and NmA, which argues for development of an NmX vaccine

Serotyping Pneumococcal Meningitis Cases in the African Meningitis Belt by Use of Multiplex PCR with Cerebrospinal Fluid▿

We reformulated a multiplex PCR algorithm for serotyping of pneumococcal meningitis directly on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Compared to established methods on isolates, CSF-based PCR had at least 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In regional meningitis surveillance, CSF-based PCR increased the serotype information yield from 40% of cases (isolate testing) to 90%

Uneven malaria transmission in geographically distinct districts of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Abstract Background Urbanization is a main trend in developing countries and leads to health transition. Although non-communicable diseases are increasing in cities of low-income countries, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, are still present. In the case of malaria, transmission is lower than in rural areas, but is uneven and not well documented. In this study, we wanted to evaluate intra-urban malaria transmission in a West African country (Burkina Faso). Methods A cross-sectional study on 847 adults (35 to 59 year-old) and 881 children (6 months to 5 year-old) living in 1045 households of four districts (Dogona, Yeguere, Tounouma and Secteur 25) of Bobo-Dioulasso was performed between October and November 2013. The districts were selected according to a geographical approach that took into account the city heterogeneity. Malaria prevalence was evaluated using thick and thin blood smears. Human exposure to Anopheles bites was measured by assessing the level of IgG against the Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC traps and indoor insecticide spraying in some houses of the four neighbourhoods. The Anopheles species and Plasmodium falciparum infection rate were determined using PCR assays. Results In this study, 98.5% of the malaria infections were due to Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria transmission occurred in the four districts. Malaria prevalence was higher in children than in adults (19.2 vs 4.4%), and higher in the central districts than in the peripheral ones (P = 0.001). The median IgG level was more elevated in P. falciparum-infected than in non-infected individuals (P < 0.001). Anopheles arabiensis was the main vector identified (83.2%; 227 of the 273 tested mosquito specimens). Five P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes were caught, and they were all caught in the central district of Tounouma where 28.6% (14/49) of the tested blood-fed mosquito specimens had a human blood meal. Conclusions This study showed that urban malaria transmission occurred in Bobo-Dioulasso, in all the four studied areas, but mainly in central districts. Environmental determinants primarily explain this situation, which calls for better urban management

Neisseria meningitis serogroup X outbreak in Burkina Faso, 2009-2010

Background: Centre MURAZ of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) organized in 2009 and 2010 a system of Cerobro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) collection in eight pilot Districts as an initial step for the future Ministry of Health’s led strategy of individual surveillance in a context of meningococcal conjugate A vaccine introduction. Methods: CSF samples were analyzed with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This allowed for meningitis etiologies dynamics studies in the pilot Districts. Results: Because of geographical difficulties and lack of means, less than 40% of suspected cases had their CSF analyzed at PCR reference laboratory. In 2009, among confirmed cases at reference laboratory, Sp (Streptococcus pneumonia), NmA (Neisseria meningitis A) and Hib (Hemophilus influenzae b) were responsible respectively for 90%, 6.6% and 4.4% of cases. In 2010, serogroup distribution among confirmed cases was: Sp 62.7%, NmX 32.2% and NmA 5.1%. Sp which was continuously present in Burkina Faso takes more significant proportions, just as serogroup X which until there was sporadically encountered. The attack rates of NmX were tree to twelve times higher than for NmA in the two Districts where NmX has been notified. Conclusion: As a consequence of such results, efforts must be maintained in epidemiologic surveillance field and in reinforcement of laboratory capacities. Fast care should be guaranteed to patients with adequate antibiotics according to country national guideline and chemoprophylaxis measures should be undertaken among contacts of patients to prevent secondary cases. A plea must be made on one hand for pneumococcal vaccine introduction in Burkina Faso and on other hand towards manufacturers for taking into account serogroup X into meningococcal polyvalent vaccine composition. With this polyvalent vaccine including serougruop X, we suggested to conduct periodically mass campaign vaccination of people before the beginning of meningitis epidemiological season

Corrélations entre les caractéristiques phénotypiques et détermination d’une formule barymétrique chez le taurin Kouri du Niger

Objectif: Cette étude vise à contribuer à la connaissance des caractéristiques phénotypiques du taurin Kouri du Niger.Méthodologie et résultats: Les caractéristiques phénotypiques du taurin Kouri du Niger ont fait l’objet d’une étude conduite dans la région de Diffa au niveau des sites situés aux alentours de Kinjandi dans la commune de Gueskerou et au Centre Secondaire de Multiplication du Bétail de Sayam. Des mensurations ont été effectuées directement sur des animaux et ont permis d’enregistrer des paramètres quantitatifs. Des paramètres qualitatifs ont été renseignés sur la base de l’observation des animaux. Un total de 475 animaux (423 femelles, 36 mâles entiers et 16 mâles castrés) âgés d’au moins 4 ans a été concerné par l’étude. Les moyennes des paramètres phénotypiques quantitatifs suivants ont été notées : Hauteur au garrot (HG) : 125,65±6,08 cm ; Périmètre thoracique (PT) : 157,95±10 cm ; Hauteur au sacrum (HS) : 133,50±6,10 cm ; Largeur aux ischions (LI) : 14,41±2,75. Des différences significatives ont été observées entre les sexes. Le PT est le paramètre le plus corrélé au poids avec un coefficient de corrélation de 0,843. Trois modèles barymétriques sont proposés et ont permis de noter des coefficients d’ajustement de R12=0,79 ; R22= 0,74 et R32= 0,71. Les paramètres phénotypiques qualitatifs ont fait ressortir un profil rectiligne dominant (85,86%) ; des oreilles à orientation latérale (99,79 %) ; des cornes présentes (97,89%) et fixées (97,41%), un dos rectiligne chez 86,50% des animaux. Aussi la couleur blanche de la robe domine avec 50,84 %. Conclusion et application des résultats: En somme, le taurin Kouri du Niger peut être considéré comme une race assez hétérogène sur le plan phénotypique. Cette variabilité pourrait être favorable à une sélection en vue d’une amélioration génétique de la race.Mots clés: phénotype, formule barymétrique, taurin Kouri, NigerEnglish Title: Correlations between Phenotypic measurements and determination of a Barymetric Formula in Niger Kuri cattle breedEnglish AbstractObjective: The main objective of this study is to contribute to increase knowledge on Niger Kuri phenotypic characteristics.Methodology and Results: Phenotypic characteristics of Niger Kuri cattle breed have been assessed in the region of Diffa, Niger, including sampling sites around Kinjandi in Gueskerou commune, and in the Sayam Cattle Secondary Multiplication Center. Measurements were made directly on animals and allowed to record quantitative parameters. Qualitative parameters were given based on the observation of the animals. A total of 475 individuals (423 females, 36 males and 16 castrated males) with at least 4 years age have been sampled. The means values of phenotypic traits measured were as follow: quantitative phenotypic parameters were measured. Height at withers: 125.65 ± 6.08 cm, Heart girth: 157.95 ± 10 cm, height at hips: 133. 50 ± 6.10 cm, Ischium width: 14.41 ± 2.75. Significant differences were observed between sexes. Heart girth is the most correlated parameter to the weight with a correlation coefficient of 0.843. Three barymetric models were used and showed adjusted coefficients of R12 = 0.79, R22 = 0.74 and R32 = 0.71. The qualitative phenotypic parameters revealed à dominant straight profile (85.86%), lateral oriented ears (99.79%), presence of horns (97.89%) and fixed (97.41%), straight back (86.50%) among the individuals. Besides, the white color pattern is predominant (50.84 %).Conclusion and application of results: Overall, Niger Kuri cattle breed may be considered as heterogeneous breed at phenotypic level. This variability may be favorable for selection strategy for this valuable breed improvement.Keywords: phenotype, barymetric formula, Kuri, Nige