Comparative morphological differences between umbilical cords from chronic hypertensive and preeclamptic pregnancies.

To compare morphological changes in the umbilical cords from chronic hypertensive and preeclamptic patients having normal or pathological umbilical artery Doppler ultrasonographic results. Umbilical cords from 34 normotensive, 31 chronic hypertensive and 70 preeclamptic women with normal and abnormal Doppler flow velocity waveforms (FVW) at 35-40 gestational weeks were studied. Morphological changes in the umbilical cords were examined on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. The total umbilical cord area, total vessel area, and wall thickness of umbilical vessels were measured in systematic random samples using unbiased stereology methods. An ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. In the chronic hypertensive and preeclamptic groups with normal Doppler FVW, the thickness of the umbilical cord vessels remained nearly constant, whereas both the total area and the lumen area were reduced. These changes correlate with the histopathological findings, suggesting a mainly vasoconstrictive effect. By contrast, analysis of the preeclamptic group with pathologic Doppler FVW showed a comparable reduction of all parameters of the umbilical cord. Histopathological findings were related to smaller, contracted smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall, which is suggestive of a predominant hypoplastic mechanism. As a result of reduced uteroplacental perfusion, fetal hypoxia and intrauterine growth retardation become unavoidable in preeclampsia. The histopathological changes in the umbilical cord between the chronic hypertensive and preeclamptic patients depend on the Doppler results. In conclusion, the umbilical artery Doppler FVW indices provide good values for predicting intrauterine growth retardation in preeclamptic patients.</p

The implementation of European court of human rights' judgments by Turkey

Le contentieux turc a donné lieu à plusieurs milliers de constats de violations, lesquels ont engagé la Turquie sur le chemin des réformes par l’adoption des mesures préconisées par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et conformément à la nature des violations constatées. Dans ce contexte, la Turquie est tenue d’apporter une réparation individuelle et générale au service de la prévention de la répétition de violations semblables et de la réparation des préjudices subis par les victimes. S’il est vrai que son obligation d’exécution des arrêts est tributaire essentiellement de sa ratification de la CEDH, force est de constater que cet engagement se trouve renforcé par le fait que la Turquie tente d’adhérer à l’Union européenne depuis plusieurs décennies déjà. C’est ainsi que son obligation d’exécution se concrétise par la mise en oeuvre de moyens ayant pour objectif de diminuer les constats de violation prononcés à son encontre. De plus, ces multiples condamnations ne font que ternir l’image de la Turquie sur la scène internationale et leur diminution apparaît comme étant l’occasion de redorer son blason et de réaffirmer son image d’État auprès de la communauté internationale. Néanmoins, sa pratique d’ensemble relative à l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour EDH est loin de lui servir. Au contraire, sa réputation de mauvais élève en matière du respect aux droits de l’homme s’accentue de part son attitude notamment envers certaines libertés fondamentales, comme la liberté d’expression ou la liberté de la presse, et par conséquent, l’exécution des arrêts demeure un sujet préoccupant pour cet État sous certains aspects.The Turkish infringements to human rights have led to several thousand cases and official reported violations, which have conduced Turkey to a path of reforms by the adoption of the measures recommended by the European Court of Human Rights in accordance with the nature of the violations. In this context, Turkey is obliged to provide individual reparations and general measures in order to prevent the repetition of similar violations a well as compensations to victims who suffered damages. While it is true that the implementation of the obligations of judgments crucially depends on the ratification of the ECHR, it is clear that this commitment is reinforced by the fact that Turkey has been trying to join the European Union for several decades. These both aspects will result in the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing the amount of officialreports of violations against Turkey. In addition to this, these manifold condemnations just tarnish the image of Turkey internationally and prevent it from improving as well as reaffirming its positive image within the international community. Nevertheless, Turkey’s overall practice regarding the implementation of the judgments of the ECtHR is far from serving Turkey. On the contrary, Turkey’s bad reputation in respect for human rights has been growing to a certain extent due to its attitude, in particular with regard to some fundamental freedoms such as the freedom of expression and the freedom of the press; therefore, the implementation of the judgments remains a serious concern for Turkey for a number of reasons

The implementation of European court of human rights' judgments by Turkey

Le contentieux turc a donné lieu à plusieurs milliers de constats de violations, lesquels ont engagé la Turquie sur le chemin des réformes par l’adoption des mesures préconisées par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et conformément à la nature des violations constatées. Dans ce contexte, la Turquie est tenue d’apporter une réparation individuelle et générale au service de la prévention de la répétition de violations semblables et de la réparation des préjudices subis par les victimes. S’il est vrai que son obligation d’exécution des arrêts est tributaire essentiellement de sa ratification de la CEDH, force est de constater que cet engagement se trouve renforcé par le fait que la Turquie tente d’adhérer à l’Union européenne depuis plusieurs décennies déjà. C’est ainsi que son obligation d’exécution se concrétise par la mise en oeuvre de moyens ayant pour objectif de diminuer les constats de violation prononcés à son encontre. De plus, ces multiples condamnations ne font que ternir l’image de la Turquie sur la scène internationale et leur diminution apparaît comme étant l’occasion de redorer son blason et de réaffirmer son image d’État auprès de la communauté internationale. Néanmoins, sa pratique d’ensemble relative à l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour EDH est loin de lui servir. Au contraire, sa réputation de mauvais élève en matière du respect aux droits de l’homme s’accentue de part son attitude notamment envers certaines libertés fondamentales, comme la liberté d’expression ou la liberté de la presse, et par conséquent, l’exécution des arrêts demeure un sujet préoccupant pour cet État sous certains aspects.The Turkish infringements to human rights have led to several thousand cases and official reported violations, which have conduced Turkey to a path of reforms by the adoption of the measures recommended by the European Court of Human Rights in accordance with the nature of the violations. In this context, Turkey is obliged to provide individual reparations and general measures in order to prevent the repetition of similar violations a well as compensations to victims who suffered damages. While it is true that the implementation of the obligations of judgments crucially depends on the ratification of the ECHR, it is clear that this commitment is reinforced by the fact that Turkey has been trying to join the European Union for several decades. These both aspects will result in the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing the amount of officialreports of violations against Turkey. In addition to this, these manifold condemnations just tarnish the image of Turkey internationally and prevent it from improving as well as reaffirming its positive image within the international community. Nevertheless, Turkey’s overall practice regarding the implementation of the judgments of the ECtHR is far from serving Turkey. On the contrary, Turkey’s bad reputation in respect for human rights has been growing to a certain extent due to its attitude, in particular with regard to some fundamental freedoms such as the freedom of expression and the freedom of the press; therefore, the implementation of the judgments remains a serious concern for Turkey for a number of reasons

The implementation of European court of human rights' judgments by Turkey

Le contentieux turc a donné lieu à plusieurs milliers de constats de violations, lesquels ont engagé la Turquie sur le chemin des réformes par l’adoption des mesures préconisées par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et conformément à la nature des violations constatées. Dans ce contexte, la Turquie est tenue d’apporter une réparation individuelle et générale au service de la prévention de la répétition de violations semblables et de la réparation des préjudices subis par les victimes. S’il est vrai que son obligation d’exécution des arrêts est tributaire essentiellement de sa ratification de la CEDH, force est de constater que cet engagement se trouve renforcé par le fait que la Turquie tente d’adhérer à l’Union européenne depuis plusieurs décennies déjà. C’est ainsi que son obligation d’exécution se concrétise par la mise en oeuvre de moyens ayant pour objectif de diminuer les constats de violation prononcés à son encontre. De plus, ces multiples condamnations ne font que ternir l’image de la Turquie sur la scène internationale et leur diminution apparaît comme étant l’occasion de redorer son blason et de réaffirmer son image d’État auprès de la communauté internationale. Néanmoins, sa pratique d’ensemble relative à l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour EDH est loin de lui servir. Au contraire, sa réputation de mauvais élève en matière du respect aux droits de l’homme s’accentue de part son attitude notamment envers certaines libertés fondamentales, comme la liberté d’expression ou la liberté de la presse, et par conséquent, l’exécution des arrêts demeure un sujet préoccupant pour cet État sous certains aspects.The Turkish infringements to human rights have led to several thousand cases and official reported violations, which have conduced Turkey to a path of reforms by the adoption of the measures recommended by the European Court of Human Rights in accordance with the nature of the violations. In this context, Turkey is obliged to provide individual reparations and general measures in order to prevent the repetition of similar violations a well as compensations to victims who suffered damages. While it is true that the implementation of the obligations of judgments crucially depends on the ratification of the ECHR, it is clear that this commitment is reinforced by the fact that Turkey has been trying to join the European Union for several decades. These both aspects will result in the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing the amount of officialreports of violations against Turkey. In addition to this, these manifold condemnations just tarnish the image of Turkey internationally and prevent it from improving as well as reaffirming its positive image within the international community. Nevertheless, Turkey’s overall practice regarding the implementation of the judgments of the ECtHR is far from serving Turkey. On the contrary, Turkey’s bad reputation in respect for human rights has been growing to a certain extent due to its attitude, in particular with regard to some fundamental freedoms such as the freedom of expression and the freedom of the press; therefore, the implementation of the judgments remains a serious concern for Turkey for a number of reasons

The implementation of European court of human rights' judgments by Turkey

Le contentieux turc a donné lieu à plusieurs milliers de constats de violations, lesquels ont engagé la Turquie sur le chemin des réformes par l’adoption des mesures préconisées par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et conformément à la nature des violations constatées. Dans ce contexte, la Turquie est tenue d’apporter une réparation individuelle et générale au service de la prévention de la répétition de violations semblables et de la réparation des préjudices subis par les victimes. S’il est vrai que son obligation d’exécution des arrêts est tributaire essentiellement de sa ratification de la CEDH, force est de constater que cet engagement se trouve renforcé par le fait que la Turquie tente d’adhérer à l’Union européenne depuis plusieurs décennies déjà. C’est ainsi que son obligation d’exécution se concrétise par la mise en oeuvre de moyens ayant pour objectif de diminuer les constats de violation prononcés à son encontre. De plus, ces multiples condamnations ne font que ternir l’image de la Turquie sur la scène internationale et leur diminution apparaît comme étant l’occasion de redorer son blason et de réaffirmer son image d’État auprès de la communauté internationale. Néanmoins, sa pratique d’ensemble relative à l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour EDH est loin de lui servir. Au contraire, sa réputation de mauvais élève en matière du respect aux droits de l’homme s’accentue de part son attitude notamment envers certaines libertés fondamentales, comme la liberté d’expression ou la liberté de la presse, et par conséquent, l’exécution des arrêts demeure un sujet préoccupant pour cet État sous certains aspects.The Turkish infringements to human rights have led to several thousand cases and official reported violations, which have conduced Turkey to a path of reforms by the adoption of the measures recommended by the European Court of Human Rights in accordance with the nature of the violations. In this context, Turkey is obliged to provide individual reparations and general measures in order to prevent the repetition of similar violations a well as compensations to victims who suffered damages. While it is true that the implementation of the obligations of judgments crucially depends on the ratification of the ECHR, it is clear that this commitment is reinforced by the fact that Turkey has been trying to join the European Union for several decades. These both aspects will result in the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing the amount of officialreports of violations against Turkey. In addition to this, these manifold condemnations just tarnish the image of Turkey internationally and prevent it from improving as well as reaffirming its positive image within the international community. Nevertheless, Turkey’s overall practice regarding the implementation of the judgments of the ECtHR is far from serving Turkey. On the contrary, Turkey’s bad reputation in respect for human rights has been growing to a certain extent due to its attitude, in particular with regard to some fundamental freedoms such as the freedom of expression and the freedom of the press; therefore, the implementation of the judgments remains a serious concern for Turkey for a number of reasons

Immunohistochemical determination of mTOR pathway molecules in ovaries and uterus in rat estrous cycle stages

mTOR is a member of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway that participates in cell growth, proliferation, protein synthesis, transcription, angiogenesis, apoptosis and autophagy. mTOR and MAPK pahways are two important key signal pathways which are related to each other. We investigated the role of mTOR and other signaling molecules in rat ovaries and uteruses in stages of the estrous cycle. Young adult female rats were divided into four groups as proestrous, estrous, metestrous and diestrous according to vaginal smears. Immunohistochemical staining of mTORC1, IGF1, PI3K, pAKT1/2/3, ERK1 and pERK1/2 was performed and pAKT1/2/3 and ERK1 were also analyzed using western blotting on ovarian and uterine tissue samples. According to our results, PI3K/Akt/ mTOR and ERK/pERK showed an increase in the rat ovulation period. When all the groups were evaluated the immunoreactivities for all of the antibodies were detected in the oocytes, granulosa and theca cells, corpus luteum and stroma of ovary and lamina propria, surface and glandular epithelium of uterus with the strongest observed with anti-ERK1 antibody and then with a decreasing trend with anti-mTORC1, anti-pAkt1/2/3, anti-IGF1, anti-PI3K and anti-pERK1/2 antibodies in the proestrus and estrus stages. Differently from other parts of the ovary, highest antibody expression in the corpus luteum was observed in the metestrous stage. Moreover, the existence of pAKT1/2/3 and ERK1 proteins was confirmed with the Western blotting technique. We suggest that mTOR and mTOR-related ERK signaling molecules may participate in the rat ovulation process

The Effects of Wortmannin and EGCG and Combined Treatments on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Lines via Inactivation of PI3K Signaling Pathway

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, has been studied as an agent against carcinogenesis and Wortmannin is a microbial steroid and it inhibits phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin, EGCG and combined treatments on PI3K pathway on human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 using indirect immunohistochemistry method. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 1% l-glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Anti-PI3K, anti-AKT, anti-ERK, anti-NFkB, anti-c-jun and anti-EZH2 primary antibodies were used for indirect immunohistochemistry after 24 h administrations of Wortmannin (2.5 µM), EGCG (100 µM) and combination of them. The mean values of the staining intensities (mild, moderate, strong and very strong) and percentage of positively stained cells were calculated using H-Score. The results of this study showed that the combined treatment of Wortmannin and EGCG is more effective on the decreasing of immunoreactivities of PI3K pathway molecules than single administrations. The combined use of these drugs is thought to be advantageous in enhancing the development and efficacy of existing cancer treatments

Comparison of the effects of collagenase and extract of Centella asiatica in an experimental model of wound healing: An immunohistochemical and histopathological study

In this study, we compared the effects of collagenase and Centella asiatica in the rat model. Twenty-seven female rats were divided into three groups, and two full-thickness wounds were made for each animal. Collagenase ointment was applied topically to Group I and C. asiatica ointment to Group II rats. In Group III, no treatment was applied. On the third day of treatment, wounds on the left side of three animals of each group were excised. On the fifth and eighth day of the treatments, the same procedure was performed for the remaining animals. Indirect immunohistochemical examination was performed to detect transforming growth factor beta (TGF)-beta, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-alpha, laminin, fibronectin, collagen I, and interleukin-1 beta. According to the measurements of the wound areas and wound healing periodo, collagenase was superior to the control group. Immunohistochemical examinations showed strong (+++) iNOS and TGF-beta immunoreactivities in C. asiatica group. eNOS immunoreactivity was moderate (++) in this group. For the collagenase group, iNOS, eNOS, and TGF-beta immunoreactivities were moderate (++). In the collagenase group, while TGF-beta and iNOS immunoreactivities were weaker, laminin and fibronectin reactivities were stronger than in C. asiatica and control groups. Collagenase was superior to C. asiatica according to the immunohistochemical findings. Collagenase ointment significantly improves the quality of wound healing and scar formation and is a more appropriate treatment choice than extract of C. asiatica in the early stages of the wound healing process

Effect of growth hormone on small intestinal homeostasis relation to cellular mediators IGF-I and IGFBP-3

AIM: To evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) on the histology of small intestines which might be related to the role of insulin like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and its receptors