Excitation energy-dependent nature of Raman scattering spectrum in GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well structures

The excitation energy-dependent nature of Raman scattering spectrum, vibration, electronic or both, has been studied using different excitation sources on as-grown and annealed n- and p-type modulation-doped Ga(1 − x)In(x)N(y)As(1 − y)/GaAs quantum well structures. The samples were grown by molecular beam technique with different N concentrations (y = 0%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.7%) at the same In concentration of 32%. Micro-Raman measurements have been carried out using 532 and 758 nm lines of diode lasers, and the 1064 nm line of the Nd-YAG laser has been used for Fourier transform-Raman scattering measurements. Raman scattering measurements with different excitation sources have revealed that the excitation energy is the decisive mechanism on the nature of the Raman scattering spectrum. When the excitation energy is close to the electronic band gap energy of any constituent semiconductor materials in the sample, electronic transition dominates the spectrum, leading to a very broad peak. In the condition that the excitation energy is much higher than the band gap energy, only vibrational modes contribute to the Raman scattering spectrum of the samples. Line shapes of the Raman scattering spectrum with the 785 and 1064 nm lines of lasers have been observed to be very broad peaks, whose absolute peak energy values are in good agreement with the ones obtained from photoluminescence measurements. On the other hand, Raman scattering spectrum with the 532 nm line has exhibited only vibrational modes. As a complementary tool of Raman scattering measurements with the excitation source of 532 nm, which shows weak vibrational transitions, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy has been also carried out. The results exhibited that the nature of the Raman scattering spectrum is strongly excitation energy-dependent, and with suitable excitation energy, electronic and/or vibrational transitions can be investigated

Kyzikos insan iskeletlerinin antropolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi

Excavation studies in Kyzikos (Balıkesir / Erdek) have been carried out in 2 different cemetery areas. These are: The West necropolis area (A.D. 2. century) and the Hadrian Temple (Medieval). The skeletal remains in this study (2007 excavation season) belong to 3 different grave groups: Sarcophogus (A.D. 2. century), chamber grave (A.D. 2. century) and tile graves (Medieval). Skeletal remains belonging to 21 individuals were identified from 2 cemetery areas in Kyzikos. From sarcophogus; 4 females (% 33,33) and 8 males (% 66,67), in all 12 individuals, from chamber grave; 1 female (% 20), 3 males (% 60) and 1 adult whose sexes can not be determined (% 20), in all 5 individuals and from tile graves; 1 female (% 25), 1 male (% 25), 1 baby (% 25) and 1 adult whose sexes can not be determined (% 25), in all 4 individuals were identified. Adults from Kyzikos are generally in middle aged groups. Except the tile graves, there weren’t any baby and children skeletal remains in other graves. General morphology of the skulls indicates mesocranial character in sarcophogus and chamber graves. General height averages of the individuals from Kyzikos are 162,35 (n: 7) in sarcophogus, 161,32 (n: 1) in chamber grave and 158,29 (n: 2) in tile graves. Skull and body pathologies caused by diseases are not very numerous among the people from the Kyzikos.Balıkesir İli Erdek İlçesinde yer alan Kyzikos antik kentinde, farklı dönemlere tarihlendirilen iki ayrı mezarlık alanında yapılan kazı çalışmalarından insan iskelet kalıntıları bulunmuştur. Bu iskelet kalıntıları üç farklı türden mezardan ele geçmişlerdir. Kazı çalışmaları sırasında kentin Batı nekropolünden (M.S. 2. yy) biri lahit ve diğeri oda mezar olmak üzere iki mezardan, Hadrian Tapınağı’nda ise (Ortaçağ) dört kiremit mezardan iskeletler çıkartılmıştır. Bu mezarlardan ele geçen iskeletler; dört kadın (% 33,33), sekiz erkek (% 66,67) olmak üzere on iki birey lahit mezardan, bir kadın (% 20), üç erkek (% 60) ve bir tanımlanamayan (% 20) olmak üzere beş birey oda mezardan, bir kadın (% 25), bir erkek (% 25), bir bebek (% 25) ve bir tanımlanamayan (% 25) olmak üzere dört birey kiremit mezardan saptanmıştır. Bir grubu M.S. 2. yüzyıla, diğer grubu ise Ortaçağa tarihlendirilen bu iskeletlerin tamamı  21 bireyle temsil edilmektedir.   Her iki dönemde ele geçen iskeletlerin çoğunluğunu orta erişkin yaş grubunda olan bireylerin oluşturduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Kiremit mezar dışında hiçbir mezar grubunda bebek ve çocuk iskeletine rastlanmamıştır. Lahit ve oda mezar bireylerinin kafa iskeletlerinden alınan ölçüler sonucu hesaplanan endislerinden, bu bireylerde mesocranial yani orta genişlikteki kafa yapısının çoğunlukta olduğu görülmüştür. Her üç farklı mezardan ele geçen bireylerin yapılan hesaplamalar sonucunda ortalama boy uzunlukları; lahit mezardan gelenler 162,35 (n: 7), oda mezardan gelenler 161,32 (n: 1) ve kiremit mezardan gelenler 158,29 (n: 2) cm. olarak belirlenmiştir. Yine her üç tip mezardan gelen iskeletler hastalıklar açısından da incelendiğinde, Kyzikos insanlarında genel olarak ciddi bir rahatsızlığın olmadığı anlaşılmıştır

Histologic features of spindle cell lipoma and problems in the differential diagnosis

AMAÇ: İğsi hücreli lipomun histolojik ve tipik immunhistokimyasal özelliklerini araştırmak ve diğer subkutan yerleşimli benzer histolojik ve immunhistokimyasal özellikleri olan neoplazmlarla ayırıcı tanısını yapmaktır. YÖNTEMLER: İstanbul Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi patoloji laboratuarında lipom tanısı almış 3100 olguda son Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Yumuşak Doku Tümörleri Sınıflamasına göre alt tipler belirlendi ve bunların içinden 22 İHL çalışmaya alındı. 22 iğsi hücreli lipom olgusunda klinik (yaş, lokalizasyon, cinsiyet, nüks), morfolojik özellikler (tümör boyutu, alt tip, histoloji, mast hücre varlığı ve immunhistokimya), tümörlerin natürü ve ayrıcı tanı problemleri değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: 3100 lipomun alt tiplere göre dağılımı şu şekildeydi: 2864 klasik lipom (%90), 293 anjiyolipom (%9), 1 kondroid lipom (%0.03), 1 miyolipom (%0.03 ve 22 iğsi hücreli lipom (% 0.7). 22 iğsi hücreli lipomların 9’u fibröz, 3’ü miksoid, 1’i anjiyomatoid ve 9’u nonfibröz alt tipti. Erkek kadın oranı 18/4 olarak belirlendi. Olguların 2’si sırt, 3’ü omuz, 1’i ön kol, 1’i oral olup 15’ü baş-boyun bölgesinde lokalize idi. Ortalama tümör çapı 3.2 cm olup en büyük ve küçük çaplar 1 cm ve 6.1 cm olarak ölçüldü. Fibromatöz alt tipte belirgin olmak üzere Toluidin blue boyasıyla her olguda mast hücresi mevcuttu. Mast hücre sayısı on büyük büyütme alanında ortalama 23 olarak bulundu. S–100 tüm iğsi hücrelerde negatif ve yağ hücrelerinde pozitif olarak tespit edildi. CD34 olguların 21’inde pozitif, 1’inde negatif bulundu. Hiçbir olguda nüks izlenmedi. SONUÇ: İğsi hücreli lipom, subkutan lokalizasyonlu, iyi sınırlı, iğsi hücreli komponenti CD34 pozitif, mast hücrelerinden zengin bir tümör olup birçok subkutan tümörle ayırıcı tanı yapılmasını gerektiren nadir bir antitedir.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the histologic and immunohistochemical properties of spindle cell lipoma and to make its differential diagnosis from other subcutaneous neoplasms having similar histologic or immunohistochemical charecteristics. METHODS: 3100 cases of lipoma diagnosed in the Pathology Laboratory of İstanbul Educational and Research Hospital were reclassified according to the recent classification of Soft Tissue Tumors by World Health Organization and 22 spindl cell lipomas were included in the study. Clinical (age, gender, location, and recurrences) and morphologic features (tumor size, subtype, histology, presence of mast cells, and immunohistochemistry) as well as tumor nature and problems in differential diagnosis were evaluated. RESULTS: The histologic subtypes of 3100 lipomas were as follows: 2864 classical lipoma (90 %), 293 angiolipoma (9 %), 1 chondroid lipoma (0.03 %), 1 myolipoma (0.03 %) and 22 spindl cell lipoma (% 0.7). Of the 22 spindl cell lipoma 9 were fibrous, 3 myxoid, 1 angiomatoid and 9 non-fibrous subtypes. Male to female ratio was 18: 4. 2 cases were localized in dorsal region, 3 in shoulders, 1 in forearm, 1 in oral cavity and 15 in head and neck. Average tumor diameter was 3.2 cm ranging from 1 to 6.1 cm. Mast cells highligtened by Toluidin blue were seen in all cases, most prominently in the fibrous subtype. Mast cell count in 10 high power field was 23. S–100 was negative in all spindle cells while lipomcytes were positive. CD34 was positive in 21 cases and negative in 1 case. No case recurred. CONCLUSION: Spindl cell lipoma is a subcutaneous, well-circumscribed tumor rich in mast cells with a CD34+ spindle cell component and is an uncommon entity requiring differential diagnosis with several subcutaneous tumors

The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe

The Synthesis and Determination of Structure of 1-{[( 2-Iodo-4- Nitrophenyl) Imino] Methyl}2-Naphthol

Bu makalede, 2-hidroksi-1-naftaldehit ile 4-NO2 anilinin reaksiyonundan hazırlanan naftolik Schiff bazı 1-{[(4- nitrofenil) imino] metil}2-naftol (1), iyot substitüye naftolik Schiff bazını (2) sentezlemek amacıyla DMSO, I2, H2SO4 ile reaksiyona sokulmuştur. Ayırma ve saflaştırma yöntemi olarak ince tabaka kromatografisi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ham ürün preperatif İTK (SiO2/C6H6) ile saflaştırılmıştır (R(=0,64). Ürünün yapısı IR, UV, H-NMR ve kütle spektrumlarıyla tayin edilmiştir. Reaksiyon koşullarında iyot; 4-NO2 naftolik Schiff bazının (1) fenil halkasına sübstitüye olmuştur. İyot sübstitüye naftolik Schiff bazı (2); 1-{[(2-iyodo-4-nitrofenil) imino] metil}2-naftol formülüne sahiptir ve orijinaldir.In this paper, naphtholic Schiff base 1-{[(4-nitrofenil) imino] metil}2-naftol (1), which was prepared of reaction 2- hydroxy-1-naphtaldehyde and 4-NO2 aniline were reacted with DMSO, I2, H2SO4 in the hope of preparing naphtholic Schiff base which was subtituted with iodine. Thin-layer chromatography was used as a method of separation and purification. Forming product (2) was purified with preperative TLC (SiO2/C6H6) (Rf=0.64). The structure of product was determined by IR, UV, 1H-NMR and mass spectra. Under our reaction condition iodine was substituted to the phenyl ring of the 4-NO2 naphtholic Schiff base (1). Iodine substitue naphtholic Schiff base (2) has formulation to 1-{[(2-iodo-4- nitrophenyl) imino] methyl}2-naphthol and it is original

The Synthesis and Determination of Structure of 1-{[( 2-Iodo-4- Nitrophenyl) Imino] Methyl}2-Naphthol

Bu makalede, 2-hidroksi-1-naftaldehit ile 4-NO2 anilinin reaksiyonundan hazırlanan naftolik Schiff bazı 1-{[(4- nitrofenil) imino] metil}2-naftol (1), iyot substitüye naftolik Schiff bazını (2) sentezlemek amacıyla DMSO, I2, H2SO4 ile reaksiyona sokulmuştur. Ayırma ve saflaştırma yöntemi olarak ince tabaka kromatografisi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ham ürün preperatif İTK (SiO2/C6H6) ile saflaştırılmıştır (R(=0,64). Ürünün yapısı IR, UV, H-NMR ve kütle spektrumlarıyla tayin edilmiştir. Reaksiyon koşullarında iyot; 4-NO2 naftolik Schiff bazının (1) fenil halkasına sübstitüye olmuştur. İyot sübstitüye naftolik Schiff bazı (2); 1-{[(2-iyodo-4-nitrofenil) imino] metil}2-naftol formülüne sahiptir ve orijinaldir.In this paper, naphtholic Schiff base 1-{[(4-nitrofenil) imino] metil}2-naftol (1), which was prepared of reaction 2- hydroxy-1-naphtaldehyde and 4-NO2 aniline were reacted with DMSO, I2, H2SO4 in the hope of preparing naphtholic Schiff base which was subtituted with iodine. Thin-layer chromatography was used as a method of separation and purification. Forming product (2) was purified with preperative TLC (SiO2/C6H6) (Rf=0.64). The structure of product was determined by IR, UV, 1H-NMR and mass spectra. Under our reaction condition iodine was substituted to the phenyl ring of the 4-NO2 naphtholic Schiff base (1). Iodine substitue naphtholic Schiff base (2) has formulation to 1-{[(2-iodo-4- nitrophenyl) imino] methyl}2-naphthol and it is original