Uso de ácidos orgánicos para el control de la colibacilosis en cerdos de transición

Uno de los problemas que genera grandes pérdidas en la producción porcina es la incidencia de diarreas en la transición. Muchas de estas diarreas son producidas por bacterias intestinales E.Coli y E.Coli enterotoxigénico, favorecidas por el cambio d e dieta brusco. A lo largo del tiempo se han tratado y prevenido con antibioterapia creando cepas resistentes a dosis terapéuticas y principios activos, lo que supone un riesgo para la salud animal y pública. Con el fin de reducir su uso, algunas empresas han desarrollado medio alternativos como los ácidos grasos que introducen en los piensos. El objetivo principal es demostrar los beneficios sobre la flora intestinal del consumo de ácidos grasos en el pienso durante la transición con la comparación de recuentos de las bacterias E.Coli y E.Coli enterotoxigénico durante la transición, producido por el consumo de ácidos grasos en el pienso, frente a un grupo control con alimentación estándar. Al comienzo del estudio se seleccionan 90 animales y separan en tres grupos de 30: Control (pienso habitual + óxido de zinc), T1 (ácido butírico encapsulado en el pienso habitual), T2 (ácido fórmico monoesterificado en el pienso habitual); ambos ácidos con funcionalidad antimicrobiana demostrada. Se procesan muestras fecales al comienzo y final de la transición, se siembran las disoluciones de las muestras y se evalúa el crecimiento de E.Coli teniendo en cuenta el peso de los animales. Identificación por PCR de los factores de virulencia de E.Coli y E.Coli enterotoxigénico y comparación entre principio y final de transición

Presencia de Clostridioides difficile en conejos y buitres.

En los últimos años se ha evidenciado un cambio en la epidemiología de la enfermedad producida por Clostridium difficile en humanos, principalmente asociado a la aparición de nuevos ribotipos hipervirulentos y al aumento de la incidencia de infecciones adquiridas en comunidad. Uno de los posibles factores sospechosos de favorecer este cambio es que los animales tengan un papel en la trasmisión de este patógeno, convirtiendo a C. difficile en un agente zoonótico. Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de muestras de dos orígenes distintos: buitres alimentados con cadáveres de cerdo y granjas de conejos. El objetivo es caracterizar los aislados obtenidos para ampliar la información existente en España, donde existen pocos estudios sobre el tema. La metodología utilizada se basa en el aislamiento de C. difficile en dichas muestras, estudiando posteriormente su prevalencia, ribotipo, presencia de toxinas y susceptibilidad antibiótica. Aunque la información obtenida es limitada debido al bajo tamaño de muestra, los resultados son similares a los obtenidos en otros estudios, por lo que se apunta la posibilidad de que C. difficile tenga implicación en trasmisiones interespecie y carácter zoonótico, destacando en este último caso el papel del ribotipo hipervirulento 078. Los resultados obtenidos sobre el nivel de resistencia de los aislados señalan una elevada resistencia a fluoroquinolonas, destacando el caso de los procedentes de buitres, ya que no son animales que reciban tratamientos antibióticos a lo largo de su vida a diferencia de los animales de ganadería. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de continuar trabajando en planes de control de este patógeno y reducción de resistencias a antibióticos.<br /

Antimicrobial resistance among canine enteric Escherichia coli isolates and prevalence of attaching-effacing and extraintestinal pathogenic virulence factors in Spain

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli from a dog population in Spain and assess specific virulence factors. Susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials was tested along with the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC in faecal isolates from 100 dogs. Virulence-related genes associated with attaching and effacing E. coli (eae, Stx1, Stx2) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli - ExPEC - (papC, hlyA and cnf1) were detected by PCR. At least one kind of AMR was observed in 73% of the isolates. The highest prevalences corresponded to penicillin (45%), aminoglycoside (40%) and non-extended spectrum cephalosporin (39%) classes. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 53.4% of the resistant isolates. No resistance to colistin was found. Production of ESBL/AmpC enzymes was detected in 5% of E. coli. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were not observed, enteropathogenic E. coli were identified in only 12% of them, and ExPEC were found in 25%. Dog faeces can be a source of E. coli strains potentially presenting a threat to humans through their virulence factors or AMR. The non-hygienic keeping of animals may increase the risk of colonisation of such pathogens in humans

Efectos de tratamientos antimicrobianos en aditivos alimentarios sobre el recuento de colonias de Escherichia coli procedentes de heces de cerdos y estudio de sus factores de virulencia

Escherichia coli es un microorganismo comensal que forma parte de la microbiota intestinal normal de animales y personas. Existen cepas patógenas que causan enfermedades importantes en la especie porcina, sobre todo en lechones, y están producidas generalmente por cepas de E.coli enterotoxigénicas (ETEC). La aparición de resistencias a determinados antibióticos ha llevado a desarrollar medidas alternativas para el control de estas poblaciones, como son los prebióticos, probióticos y ácidos orgánicos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son valorar el efecto que tiene la administración de aditivos alimentarios, como butirato sódico (DICOSAN®) y un β-galactomanano oligosacárido (Salmosan®), en el recuento de la población total de E.coli en heces procedentes de cerdos y determinar la presencia de factores de virulencia relacionados con el patotipo enterotoxigénico, principalmente fimbrias F4 y enterotoxinas STa, STb y LT. Para ello se administró DICOSAN® a un grupo de cerdos de cebo y se realizaron muestreos de heces en los días 30, 60 y 90 de cebo, y en el sacrificio. Por otro lado, se administró Salmosan® a un grupo de cerdas, realizándose muestreos de heces durante las fases de preparto, parto y destete. El recuento de la población total de E.coli se llevó a cabo en todas las muestras mediante la técnica de las diluciones, utilizando el agar cromogénico Tergitol-7. La presencia de factores de virulencia se determinó en las muestras procedentes de cerdos de cebo mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (Multiplex PCR). Tras realizar el análisis de los datos obtenidos mediante las pruebas t de Student y de Fisher, se observa que los productos utilizados no son efectivos para reducir la carga de E.coli, ni para disminuir la presencia de factores de virulencia asociados a las cepas enterotoxigénicas en los cerdos de cebo

Técnicas activas de enseñanza para el desarrollo de las competencias comunicativas en educación básica

Active teaching techniques maintain a balance in the educational process because they improve the concretion of knowledge, on the other hand, communication skills are essential for the development of the human being in all its contexts, handling verbal and non-verbal aspects in specific situations. The problem identified is that the use of active teaching techniques applied to students of Basic General Education, together with the development of communication skills, has not yet been estimated. The objective is to evaluate the use of active teaching techniques in the development of communication skills of basic education students. The hypothesis that sustains that the use of active learning techniques increases the development of communication skills in students of Basic general education is proposed. The quantitative methodology has been used, since quantifiable data have been obtained, carried out on the subjects under study, in this case the 33 students of the sixth grade A, through a pre-test, consecutively the active teaching techniques were reinforced and applied, Subsequently, a post test was carried out, in the case of the 5 teachers, the application of active teaching techniques and the knowledge of their relationship with communication skills were evaluated. The results obtained show that the value of Student's T statistic is 0.000, less than 0.05; therefore, the proposed hypothesis is accepted, to verify the impact of the intervention, the Cohen's D statistic was used, obtaining a value of d=0.59, thus the intervention has an impact of medium magnitude. It has been concluded by ratifying the importance of the use of active teaching techniques to improve the concretion of knowledge in students in the development of communication skills. Keywords: Communication skills, development, teaching, active techniques, test.Las técnicas activas de enseñanza mantienen un equilibrio en el proceso educativo porque mejoran la concreción de conocimientos, por otro lado, las competencias comunicativas, son fundamentales para el desarrollo del ser humano en todos sus contextos manejando aspectos verbales y no verbales en situaciones concretas. El problema identificado es que aún no se ha estimado el uso de técnicas activas de enseñanza aplicadas en estudiantes de Educación General Básica, juntamente con el desarrollo de competencias comunicativas. El objetivo es evaluar el uso de técnicas activas de enseñanza en el desarrollo de las competencias comunicativas de los estudiantes educación básica. Se plantea la hipótesis que sustenta que el uso de las técnicas activas de enseñanza mejora el desarrollo de competencias comunicativas en los estudiantes de Educación General Básica. Se ha utilizado un enfoque de tipo cuantitativo. La toma de datos se realizó a través de una encuesta a los docentes donde se diagnosticó el conocimiento general sobre las técnicas activas de enseñanza y su relación con las competencias comunicativas; se aplicó además a 33 estudiantes del sexto de básica un pretest; seguidamente, se reforzaron y aplicaron las técnicas activas de enseñanza; posteriormente, se realizó un postest, aplicado a los mismos estudiantes en donde se evaluó el uso de técnicas activas de enseñanza. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el valor del estadístico t de Student es de 0.000, menor que 0.05; por tanto, se acepta la hipótesis planteada. Para la verificación del impacto de la intervención, se empleó el estadístico D de Cohen obteniéndose un valor de d=0.59, es así que la intervención realizada tuvo un impacto de magnitud media. Se ha concluido que el uso de técnicas activas de enseñanza mejoró la concreción de conocimientos en los estudiantes en el desarrollo de las competencias comunicativas. Palabras claves: Competencias comunicativas, desarrollo, enseñanza, técnicas activas, test. ABSTRACT Active teaching techniques maintain a balance in the educational process because they improve the concretion of knowledge, on the other hand, communication skills are essential for the development of the human being in all its contexts, handling verbal and non-verbal aspects in specific situations. The problem identified is that the use of active teaching techniques applied to students of Basic General Education, together with the development of communication skills, has not yet been estimated. The objective is to evaluate the use of active teaching techniques in the development of communication skills of basic education students. The hypothesis that sustains that the use of active learning techniques increases the development of communication skills in students of Basic general education is proposed. The quantitative methodology has been used, since quantifiable data have been obtained, carried out on the subjects under study, in this case the 33 students of the sixth grade A, through a pre-test, consecutively the active teaching techniques were reinforced and applied, Subsequently, a post test was carried out, in the case of the 5 teachers, the application of active teaching techniques and the knowledge of their relationship with communication skills were evaluated. The results obtained show that the value of Student's T statistic is 0.000, less than 0.05; therefore, the proposed hypothesis is accepted, to verify the impact of the intervention, the Cohen's D statistic was used, obtaining a value of d=0.59, thus the intervention has an impact of medium magnitude. It has been concluded by ratifying the importance of the use of active teaching techniques to improve the concretion of knowledge in students in the development of communication skills. Keywords: Communication skills, development, teaching, active techniques, test. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 18 de enero de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de marzo de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 08 de abril de 2024

Multidrug resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in dogs, Spain

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a pathogen frequently isolated in cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in both humans and dogs and evidence exists that dogs are reservoirs for human infections. In addition, E. coli is associated to increasing antimicrobial resistance rates. This study focuses on the analysis of antimicrobial resistance and the presence of selected virulence genes in E. coli isolates from a Spanish dog population suffering from UTI. This collection of isolates showed an extremely high level of phenotypic resistance to 1st–3rd generation cephalosporins, followed by penicillins, fluoroquinolones and amphenicols. Apart from that, 13.46% of them were considered extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. An alarmingly high percentage (71.15%) of multidrug resistant isolates were also detected. There was a good correlation between the antimicrobial resistance genes found and the phenotypic resistance expressed. Most of the isolates were classified as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, and two others harbored virulence factors related to diarrheagenic pathotypes. A significant relationship between low antibiotic resistance and high virulence factor carriage was found, but the mechanisms behind it are still poorly understood. The detection of high antimicrobial resistance rates to first-choice treatments highlights the need of constant antimicrobial resistance surveillance, as well as continuous revision of therapeutic guidelines for canine UTI to adapt them to changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns

Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie

The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle

Effect of Intramuscularly Administered Oxytetracycline or Enrofloxacin on Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Pigs

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Nowadays, there is great concern about the prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria in food-producing animals since they are potential sources of transmission to humans. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of two antibiotics (oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin) treatments in pigs on resistant bacteria that are considered a threat to public health. This study highlights that the use of oxytetracycline or enrofloxacin in food-producing animals could select resistant bacteria in pig faeces. Special care should be taken to avoid faecal contamination of carcasses during slaughter. ABSTRACT: Nowadays, there is a great concern about the prevalence of multidrug resistant Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in food-producing animals. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of oxytetracycline or enrofloxacin treatment on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in pigs. A total of 26 piglets were received and distributed in three groups. Group 1 was treated with enrofloxacin (N = 12), group 2 with oxytetracycline (N = 10) and group 3 did not receive any treatment (control group) (N = 4). A higher number of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium were recovered compared to E. faecalis. In the pigs treated with enrofloxacin, vancomycin resistant E. faecium was found in a higher percentage of animals than in the control group. ESBL-producing E. coli was not detected in rectal samples from control animals. However, it was detected in 17–20% of animals treated with oxytetracycline on days 6 to 17 and in 17–50% of the animals treated with enrofloxacin. Carbapenemase-producing E. coli was isolated in animals treated with oxytetracycline, but not in animals treated with enrofloxacin or in the control group. This study highlights that the use of oxytetracycline or enrofloxacin in food-producing animals could select ESBL and carbapenemase-producing E. coli. Further studies shall be needed to validate the results obtained, considering a more robust and extended experimental design

Plasmid-mediated metronidazole resistance in Clostridioides difficile.

Metronidazole was until recently used as a first-line treatment for potentially life-threatening Clostridioides difficile (CD) infection. Although cases of metronidazole resistance have been documented, no clear mechanism for metronidazole resistance or a role for plasmids in antimicrobial resistance has been described for CD. Here, we report genome sequences of seven susceptible and sixteen resistant CD isolates from human and animal sources, including isolates from a patient with recurrent CD infection by a PCR ribotype (RT) 020 strain, which developed resistance to metronidazole over the course of treatment (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 8 mg L-1). Metronidazole resistance correlates with the presence of a 7-kb plasmid, pCD-METRO. pCD-METRO is present in toxigenic and non-toxigenic resistant (n = 23), but not susceptible (n = 563), isolates from multiple countries. Introduction of a pCD-METRO-derived vector into a susceptible strain increases the MIC 25-fold. Our finding of plasmid-mediated resistance can impact diagnostics and treatment of CD infections