Comparative effectiveness of input-based instructions on L2 grammar knowledge : textual enhancement and processing instruction

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu tez çalışması iki farklı girdi temelli öğretim yönteminin, Metinsel Girdi Geliştirme ve Yapılandırılmış Girdi Alıştırmaları, İngilizce geniş zaman 3. tekil şahıs ekinin edinimine etkisini araştırmıştır. Bu çalışma yarı deneysel bir çalışma olup başlangıçta 43 katılımcıdan oluşan iki deney grubu içermektedir. Her iki deney grubuna da eğitimden bir hafta önce bir ön test uygulanmış ve sonrasında ikişer ders saati boyunca Yapılandırılmış Girdi ve Metinsel Girdi Alıştırmalarını içeren iki farklı uygulama yürütülmüştür. Eğitimden bir gün sonra her iki gruba da son test uygulanmıştır. Son olarak, edinimin kalıcı olup olmadığını ortaya koymak adına dört hafta sonra farklı bir son test uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı girdi temelli öğretim yönteminin ortaokul düzeyinde İngilizce'yi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin hedef dildeki geniş zaman tekil şahıs ekini kavrama ve (eğitim süresince üretim yaptırılmamasına rağmen) üretim düzeylerine ne kadar katkıda bulunacağının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuçlar, her iki yöntemin de katılımcıya kavrama düzeyinde katkıda bulunduğunu ancak ekin üretimine ilişkin olarak aynı etkiye sahip olmadığını göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Girdi-temelli Öğretim Yöntemi, Metinsel Girdi Geliştirme Alıştırmaları, Yapılandırılmış Girdi Alıştırmaları, Çocuklara Yabancı Dil ÖğretimiThis quasi-experimental study investigated the effects of two different types of input-based instructions, namely Textual Enhancement (TE) and Processing Instruction (PI) on the acquisition of English Simple Present Tense third person singular form (–s). To this end, elementary level young learners (n = 43) learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) were employed for the study, and then randomly distributed into two experimental groups as TE and PI groups. Each group received its own specific instruction for two regular classroom hours: the TE group received textual enhancement; the PI group received processing instruction. The groups were assessed within a pretest, an immediate posttest and a delayed posttest design. The assessment materials included one interpretation task (grammaticality judgment task) and two production tasks (form correction and written production tasks). All the instructional and assessment materials used in the study were piloted twice on a similar group of students prior to the main study to check the difficulty level of the instructional materials, the reliability of the tests and the clarity of the instruction. The overall findings showed that both TE and PI groups improved their performance on the interpretation-level task; however, they failed to improve their performance on the production-level tasks. Key words: Input-based Instructions, Focus-on-form, Textual Enhancement,Processing Instruction, Teaching English to Young Learner

Correlation between the visibility of submandibular fossa and mandibular canal cortication on panoramic radiographs and submandibular fossa depth on CBCT

To identify a correlation between the submandibular fossa (SF) visibility and mandibular canal (MC) cortication on panoramic image and the depth of SF measured on CBCT and also correlation between the depth of SF and vertical and horizontal location of MC on CBCT. 500 CBCT scans and panoramic radiographs were evaluated. SF depth types were classified as type I ( 3mm) on CBCT. Visibility of SF and the cortication of MC on panoramic radiographs were compared with the depth of SF on CBCT. Distances between MC and mandibular inferior, buccal and lingual cortices were measured. No statistically significant correlation was found between radiolucent appearances of SF, cortication of MC, and depth of SF. The deepest part of the fossa was in the second molar area followed by third and first molars. Negative weak correlations were found between B-MC, L-MC distances and depth of SF. Visibility of SF and cortication of MC on panoramic radiographs did not correlate with the depth of SF. A marked radiolucent submandibular fossa on panoramic image does not undoubtedly indicate a deep fossa, which emphasizes the importance of 3-D imaging in implant planning

Effects of Enzyme-Producing Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Trout on the Growth Performance, Survival, and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Rainbow Trout Fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, we investigated the effects of enzyme-producing probiotic bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout on the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and digestive enzyme activity, of fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three isolates (G8/2013, T7/2013 and U5/2013) of candidate bacteria elicited the highest protease, lipase, and amylase activities, respectively. Isolates were identified as Aeromonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Citrobacter braakii by morphological, physiological, biochemical characterizations as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The fry basal diet was supplemented with probiotics at varying concentrations; G8 group, Aeromonas sp. 1.72 x 108 CFU/g; U5 group, Bacillus sp. 3.01 x 108 CFU/g; T7 group, C. braakii 2.96 x 108 CFU/g and a mixed group (same bacterial concentrations), and control group (no bacteria). The rainbow trout fry were fed ad libitum in triplicate treatments with supplemented and non-supplemented probiotic diets for 70-days. The total bacterial count in the intestine was significantly higher in the mixed group (30th and 50th days) and U5 group (50th and 70th days) compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), nutrient digestibility, or digestive enzyme activity among the groups.

Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde uzamış stiloid proçesin konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi ile değerlendirmesi

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and morphology of elongated styloid process and its relation to gender, age and location in Turkish population. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 170 patients were evaluated. Age and gender of the patients who were included in this study were recorded. Morphology of elongated styloid process was analyzed and prevalence was determined. Mean lengths of elongated styloid processes were measured. Results: Elongated styloid process was observed in 68 (40%) of 170 patients (340 styloid processes). Mean lengths of elongated SP were 35.25 mm. Elongation was observed in right side in 4 (2.4%) of 170 patients while was observed in left side in 28 (16.5%) patients and it was seen bilaterally in 36 (21.2%) patients. In our study, the most frequent morphology was observed as Type 1. The most common calcification pattern was Type D. Conclusion: In this study, CBCT was presented as an alternative method to panoramic radiographs for the measurement and the assessment of the styloid process.Amaç: Bu çalışma Türk populasyonunda uzamış stiloid proçes morfolojisini, prevalansının cinsiyet ve yaş ile ilişkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 170 hastanın Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (KIBT) görüntüleri değerlendirildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların yaş ve cinsiyetleri kaydedildi. Uzamış stiloid proçesin morfolojisi analiz edildi ve prevalans belirlendi. Uzamış stiloid proçeslerin ortalama uzunluğu ölçüldü. Bulgular: 170 hastanın (340 styloid proçes) 68’inde (40%) uzamış stiloid proçes gözlendi. Ortalama uzunluk 35.25 mm olarak bulundu. 170 hastanın 4’ünde (2.4%) uzama sağ tarafta, 28’inde (16.5%) sol tarafta, 36 (21.2%) hastada bilateral olarak görüldü. Çalışmamızda, en sık görülen morfoloji Tip 1 olarak bulundu. En sık görülen kalsifikasyon paterni ise Tip D olarak gözlendi. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, KIBT, stiloid proçesin değerlendirmesi ve ölçümü için panoramik radyograflara alternatif bir metod olarak sunuldu

Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Türk Populasyonunda Uzamış Stiloid Proçesin Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografik Değerlendirmesi

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and morphology of elongated styloid process and its relation to gender, age and location in Turkish population. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 170 patients were evaluated. Age and gender of the patients who were included in this study were recorded. Morphology of elongated styloid process was analyzed and prevalence was determined. Mean lengths of elongated styloid processes were measured. Results: Elongated styloid process was observed in 68 (40%) of 170 patients (340 styloid processes). Mean lengths of elongated SP were 35.25 mm. Elongation was observed in right side in 4 (2.4%) of 170 patients while was observed in left side in 28 (16.5%) patients and it was seen bilaterally in 36 (21.2%) patients. In our study, the most frequent morphology was observed as Type 1. The most common calcification pattern was Type D. Conclusion: In this study, CBCT was presented as an alternative method to panoramic radiographs for the measurement and the assessment of the styloid process.Amaç: Bu çalışma Türk populasyonunda uzamış stiloid proçes morfolojisini, prevalansının cinsiyet ve yaş ile ilişkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 170 hastanın Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (KIBT) görüntüleri değerlendirildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların yaş ve cinsiyetleri kaydedildi. Uzamış stiloid proçesin morfolojisi analiz edildi ve prevalans belirlendi. Uzamış stiloid proçeslerin ortalama uzunluğu ölçüldü. Bulgular: 170 hastanın (340 styloid proçes) 68’inde (40%) uzamış stiloid proçes gözlendi. Ortalama uzunluk 35.25 mm olarak bulundu. 170 hastanın 4’ünde (2.4%) uzama sağ tarafta, 28’inde (16.5%) sol tarafta, 36 (21.2%) hastada bilateral olarak görüldü. Çalışmamızda, en sık görülen morfoloji Tip 1 olarak bulundu. En sık görülen kalsifikasyon paterni ise Tip D olarak gözlendi. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, KIBT, stiloid proçesin değerlendirmesi ve ölçümü için panoramik radyograflara alternatif bir metod olarak sunuldu

Girdi-temelli İki Farklı Öğretim Yönteminin İngilizce Dilbilgisi Öğretimine Etkileri: Metinsel Girdi Geliştirme ve Yapılandırılmış Girdi

Bu çalışma, metinsel girdi geliştirme ve yapılandırılmış girdi alıştırmalarının İngilizce geniş zaman 3. tekil şahıs ekinin edinimine etkisini araştırmıştır. Deneysel çalışma, toplamda iki deney grubundan oluşmaktadır. Her bir deney grubuna bahsedilen alıştırma çeşitlerine ilişkin ayrı ayrı ikişer ders saati (toplamda 80 dakika) eğitim verilmiştir. Gruplara eğitimden bir hafta önce ön test, eğitimden bir gün sonra son test ve edinimin kalıcılığını ölçmek için dört hafta sonra geciktirilmiş son test uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılar ortaokul düzeyinde İngilizce'yi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrenciler arasından seçilmiştir (n = 43). Testler hedef yapıyı kavramaya ve üretmeye yönelik iki farklı türde hazırlanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, her iki girditemelli öğretim yönteminin öğrenci başarısını hedef yapıyı kavrama düzeyinde olumlu yönde etkilediği, ancak üretme düzeyinde benzer etkiyi göstermediği bulunmuştur. Makale sonunda, sonuçlara yönelik genelde İngilizce öğretmenleri, özelde Türkiye'deki İngilizce öğretmenleri için bir dizi pedagojik önerilerde bulunulmaktadır. Bu çalışma sınırlı sayıda öğrenciyle yürütülmesine rağmen, sonuçlar İngilizce öğretmenlerinin girdi-temelli öğretim yöntemlerinin öğrenilmesi güç yapıların öğrenimini kolaylaştırmak amacıyla özellikle de çocuklara yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanabileceklerini önermektedir.This study investigated comparative effectiveness of Textual Enhancement (TE) and Processing Instruction (PI) on the acquisition of English simple present tense third person singular form by elementary level EFL young learners. To this end, 43 seventh grade secondary school learners were conveniently selected for the study and randomly distributed into two experimental groups: TE (n = 21), PI (n = 22). Each group received different instructions (namely TE or PI) during two consecutive regular classroom hours (80 minutes in total). The learners took a pretest one week before the instructions, an immediate posttest one day after the instructions, and finally a delayed posttest after four weeks. According to the results of an interpretation task and two production tasks, both types of instructions helped the participants to increase their performance on the interpretation task. However, the results from production tasks showed that both input groups could not improve their production scores as much as expected from the literature. Although the study was conducted with limited number of students and without a control group, its results still suggest that English language teachers can use input-based instruction to help especially young learners to comprehend notoriously difficult structures as in this study

Three- dimensional verification of the radiographic visibility of the root pulp used for forensic age estimation in mandibular third molars

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of panoramic radiography (OPG) using age estimation method using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) verification in the evaluation of radiographic visibility of root pulp (RPV) of mandibular third molars for age estimation. Methods CBCT and OPG images of 429 mandibular third molars from 290 patients were evaluated. RPV of fully mineralized mandibular third molars was evaluated as stages 0, 1, 2, and 3 for both imaging methods. Descriptive statistics were performed separately for stages by age for both genders. The consistency of these scores with chronological age was evaluated for both imaging methods. The reliability of OPG evaluation was also analyzed with CBCT scores. Results Spearman's rho correlation demonstrated a positive correlation between RPV and chronological age for both genders and for OPG and CBCT evaluation. Considering the minimum ages of both imaging methods, all stages were above the age of 18 except for the female group of Stage 2 and all Stage 0. For the comparison of OPG and CBCT RPV Staging scores, the Kappa score was found to be 0.312 (p < 0.001), indicating a fair agreement. Conclusion In conclusion, the absence of Stage 3 at age of 18 and under might have a forensic value for RPV age estimation method. Considering the fair agreement in the verification of OPG scores, it is not possible to determine the exact age with the RPV detected in OPG images, the use of CBCT for the RPV evaluation is recommended to available cases

Evaluating the effects of functional orthodontic treatment on mandibular osseous structure using fractal dimension analysis of dental panoramic radiographs

Objective: To evaluate the effects of functional appliance treatment on mandibular trabecular structure using fractal dimension (FD) analysis of dental panoramic radiographs.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using digital panoramic radiographs of 45 patients with Class II malocclusion treated with functional appliances (treatment group, mean age: 11.39 +/- 0.97 years; 23 girls, 22 boys) acquired before (T-0) and after (T-1) treatment and the panoramic radiographs of 45 control subjects who had undergone no orthodontic treatment (control group, mean age: 11.31 +/- 0.87 years; 23 girls, 22 boys). FD values in the condylar process, mandibular corpus, and mandibular angle were analyzed from the panoramic radiographs of both groups.Results: Analysis of changes in FD between T-0 and T-1 revealed significant increases in the FD values of the right and left condylar processes and right mandibular corpus in the treatment group (P<.001) and in the right condylar process in the control group (P<.05). Between-group comparisons demonstrated that the treatment group showed greater changes in the condylar process (right, P<.001; left, P<.05) and right mandibular corpus (P<.05) compared to controls. Correlation analysis between the cephalometric and FD changes in the treatment group showed the right condylar process changes were negatively correlated with GoGn/SN angle (P<.05) and positively correlated with Co-Go (P<.05), although these correlations were weak.Conclusions: FD analysis demonstrated significant changes in trabeculation of the condyle and mandibular corpus in the treatment group compared to the control group. Functional appliance treatment may lead to skeletal correction by altering skeletal form and trabeculation of the mandibular bone