Lahaina groundwater tracer study -- Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii

The studies presented in this report provide the positive establishment of hydrologic connections between the municipal wastewater injection from the LWRF and the nearshore region of the Kaanapali coast on the Island of Maui, Hawaii, and provide the results from the study’s principal objectives, which have been to: (1) implement a tracer dye study from the LWRF (Section 3), (2) conduct continuous monitoring for the emergence of the injected tracer dyes at the most probable points of emergence at nearshore sites within the coastal reaches of the LWRF (Section 2), (3) conduct an airborne infrared sea surface temperature mapping survey of coastal zone fronting the LWRF in an effort to detect cool and/or warm temperature anomalies that may be indicative of cool submarine groundwater discharge and warm wastewater effluent (Section 4), (4) complete radon and radium radiochemical surveys to detect the emergence points and flow rates of the naturally occurring submarine groundwater along the coastal zone (Section 5), (5) complete geochemical and stable isotopic analyses of LWRF effluent, upland well waters, terrestrial surface waters, marine waters, and submarine groundwater discharge in an effort to help partition the relative contribution of effluent waters to the ocean (Section 6), and (6) combine complete dye emergence breakthrough curves with which to develop groundwater models to determine the LWRFs effluent flow paths and rates of emergence to the coastal zone (Section 7).U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyDepartment of Health, State of HawaiiU.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Cente

Infrared target and background radiometric measurements--concepts units and techniques

This report discusses concepts units and techniques for making and describing measurements of radiation from targets and backgrounds.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32197/1/0000256.pd

Persistent spatial structuring of coastal ocean acidification in the California Current System

The near-term progression of ocean acidification (OA) is projected to bring about sharp changes in the chemistry of coastal upwelling ecosystems. The distribution of OA exposure across these early-impact systems, however, is highly uncertain and limits our understanding of whether and how spatial management actions can be deployed to ameliorate future impacts. Through a novel coastal OA observing network, we have uncovered a remarkably persistent spatial mosaic in the penetration of acidified waters into ecologically-important nearshore habitats across 1,000 km of the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In the most severe exposure hotspots, suboptimal conditions for calcifying organisms encompassed up to 56% of the summer season, and were accompanied by some of the lowest and most variable pH environments known for the surface ocean. Persistent refuge areas were also found, highlighting new opportunities for local adaptation to address the global challenge of OA in productive coastal systems

An Autonomous Vehicle Approach for Quantifying Bioluminescence in Ports and Harbors

Bioluminescence emitted from marine organisms upon mechanical stimulation is an obvious military interest, as it provides a low-tech method of identifying surface and subsurface vehicles and swimmer tracks. Clearly, the development of a passive method of identifying hostile ships, submarines, and swimmers, as well as the development of strategies to reduce the risk of detection by hostile forces is relevant to Naval operations and homeland security. The measurement of bioluminescence in coastal waters has only recently received attention as the platforms and sensors were not scaled for the inherent small-scale nature of nearshore environments. In addition to marine forcing, many ports and harbors are influenced by freshwater inputs, differential density layering and higher turbidity. The spatial and temporal fluctuations of these optical water types overlaid on changes in the bioluminescence potential make these areas uniquely complex. The development of an autonomous underwater vehicle with a bioluminescence capability allows measurements on sub-centimeter horizontal and vertical scales in shallow waters and provides the means to map the potential for detection of moving surface or subsurface objects. A deployment in San Diego Bay shows the influence of tides on the distribution of optical water types and the distribution of bioluminescent organisms. Here, these data are combined to comment on the potential for threat reduction in ports and harbors

Kilo Nalu: Physical / Biogeochemical Dynamics Above and Within Permeable Sediments

Special Issue on Coastal Ocean Processes, Observing Technologies and Models, Oceanography, Volume 21, No. 4. December 2008.The article of record as published may be found at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486002

Impacts of urban carbon dioxide emissions on sea-air flux and ocean acidification in nearshore waters.

Greatly enhanced atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels relative to well-mixed marine air are observed during periods of offshore winds at coastal sensor platforms in Monterey Bay, California, USA. The highest concentrations originate from urban and agricultural areas, are driven by diurnal winds, and peak in the early morning. These enhanced atmospheric levels can be detected across a ~100km wide nearshore area and represent a significant addition to total oceanic CO2 uptake. A global estimate puts the added sea-air flux of CO2 from these greatly enhanced atmospheric CO2 levels at 25 million tonnes, roughly 1% of the ocean's annual CO2 uptake. The increased uptake over the 100 km coastal swath is of order 20%, indicating a potentially large impact on ocean acidification in productive coastal waters