A CASE STUDY OF LUNTIAN MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE IN BARANGAY LALAIG, TIAONG, QUEZON, PHILIPPINES: A VERTICAL INTEGRATION APPROACH

The Luntian Multi-Purpose Cooperative located in Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines. The Luntian Multi-Purpose cooperative focuses more on feed production as well as hog fattening. The LMC applied the vertical integration to develop the cooperative. They have their members as their primary costumers of their feeds. The cooperative’s business activity includes also meat shop, granting of production loan, micro-finance, mobilization of saving deposits, aside from feed milling and hog fattening. Different agencies, industry organizations and private institutions provide trainings, seminars, assistance, as well as credit for the cooperative.The aims of the study was to determine the present and discuss a noteworthy business issue (s) of Luntian Multipurpose Cooperative, evaluate the business environment prevailing at a particular time of this case , assess the cooperative’s performance in terms of the four business functions , define the problem relevant to the business issue(s) being studied. The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data were gathered through interviews with the key personnel, managers, and other informants of the Luntian Multipurpose Cooperative in order to obtain responses regarding the overall status of the cooperative including its problem and plans. Secondary data were taken from files and documents, especially the history, background information and financial statements. Other data were taken through research materials such as book, unpublished special problems and from some government institutions. The recommendation of this research showed that Luntian MPC should engage in establishing a communal farm as to become the primary source of hybrid piglets that their members would raised. The alternatives solution was establishing a breeding farm that would ask for initial investment. Keywords: cooperative, vertical integration, case study, por

In Vitro Fertility of Post-thawed Epididymal Ram Spermatozoa After Storage at 5 °C Before Cryopreservation

This study addressed the effects of storage duration of epididymides at 5 °C before sperm collection and their fertility after cryopreservation in vitro. Spermatozoa from one of the testes pairs were immediately collected, evaluated and frozen (control group). The remaining epididymides were cooled to 5 °C and stored for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (experimental groups), after which spermatozoa were collected and frozen as in the control group. Before and after thawing, sperm motility, sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity were assessed. The fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa of each group was evaluated by in vitro fertilization of matured sheep oocytes. Sperm quality (sperm motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity) at collection and after cryopreservation decreased as the duration of the epididymal storage interval increase (P < 0.05). The motility decreased steadily along the studied time periods. Although, the fertilizing ability of post-thawed epididymal spermatozoa gradually decreased as the storage period was prolonged, the spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymides stored at 5 °C for up to 96 h were able to fertilize 16%-65% of oocytes in vitro. Results of the present study showed that ram epididymal spermatozoa survive in storage at 5 °C for up to 96 h. These spermatozoa maintain their fertilizing ability and may be suitable for use in IVF and other assisted reproductive procedures

Ovarian Dynamic in Ongole Grade Cattle After GnRH Injection in Ovsynch Protocol Based on Progesterone Device

PO cattle have weaknesses to show clear estrus signs which cause difficulty in artificial insemination implementation. The present study was designed to obtain ovarian dynamic as effect of GnRH injection in ovsynch protocol based on progesterone intravaginal device. Heifers (18) and cows (n= 12) were allocated to one of three groups. Cuemate-PGF2α (CP) group inserted with a Cuemate on day 0-7 and injected with prostaglandin on day 7. Cuemate-PGF2α-GnRH (CPG) group was treated as CP group with the addition of GnRH injection on day 9. GnRH-Cuemate-PGF2α-GnRH (GCPG) group was treated as CPG group with addition of GnRH injection on day 0. Ultrasonography was performed on days 0-3, day 7 until ovulation and 7 days after ovulation. Percentage of ovulation synchronization increased significantly (P<0.01) between CP, CPG, and GCPG, respectively, both in heifers (16%, 50%, and 85%, respectively) and cows (0%, 60%, and 100%, respectively), on day 11. Preovulatory follicle diameters between CP, CPG, and GCPG treatments were not different significantly both in heifers (11.9±0.5, 11.9±0.5, and 12.1±0.6 mm, respectively) and cows (11.7±0.4, 11.8±0.7, and 11.1±0.6 mm, respectively). This study concluded that GCPG protocol increased the synchrony of ovulation rate both in cows and heifers, without affecting the follicle preovulatory and CL diameters

Genetic Parameters on Combination Provenance-progeny Test of Araucaria Cunninghamii Origin From Manokwari (Papua) in Bondowoso, East Java

Araucaria cunninghamii as long fiber pulp raw material needs to be considered in the future which is currently imported from other countries to supply long-fiber pulp raw material in Indonesia. The improved seed sources need to be prepared early to determine the genetic gain. Combination provenance-progeny test of A.cunninghamii in Bondowoso, East Java is one of the researches that it was built to produce improved seed of A.cunninghamii in the future. The trial is laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 28 families, 4 trees per plot and 8 replicate with a spacing of 4 x 3 m. The results show that the average of height and diameter growth at the age of 5 and 10 years were 5.47 m; 8.20 cm and 16.05 m; 20.59 cm, volume/ha of the trees were 8.02 m3/ha and 74.52 m3/ha, and mean annual increment for volume were 1.60 m3/ha/year and 7.45 m3/ha/year. At 5 years old, stem diameter was significant between provenances, while at the age of 10 years significant differences for both traits. At the age of 5 and 10 years of family and individual heritability values were moderate, h2f = 0.40 - 0.50, h2i = 0.2 - 0.3; and h2f = 0.40 - 0.47, h2i = 0.28 - 0.29, while within family heritability (h2wf) was 0.41 - 0.48). Genetic correlation at age of 5 and 10 years was quite high (rg=0.62; 0.82). Estimation of genetic gain for height and diameter by within family selection was 0.10% and 0.07% for 5 years and 0.53% and 1.01% for 10 years

In Vitro Fertility of Post-thawed Epididymal Ram Spermatozoa after Storage at 5 °C before Cryopreservation

This study addressed the effects of storage duration of epididymides at 5 °C before sperm collection and their fertility after cryopreservation in vitro. Spermatozoa from one of the testes pairs were immediately collected, evaluated and frozen (control group). The remaining epididymides were cooled to 5 °C and stored for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (experimental groups), after which spermatozoa were collected and frozen as in the control group. Before and after thawing, sperm motility, sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity were assessed. The fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa of each group was evaluated by in vitro fertilization of matured sheep oocytes. Sperm quality (sperm motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity) at collection and after cryopreservation decreased as the duration of the epididymal storage interval increase (P < 0.05). The motility decreased steadily along the studied time periods. Although, the fertilizing ability of post-thawed epididymal spermatozoa gradually decreased as the storage period was prolonged, the spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymides stored at 5 °C for up to 96 h were able to fertilize 16%-65% of oocytes in vitro. Results of the present study showed that ram epididymal spermatozoa survive in storage at 5 °C for up to 96 h. These spermatozoa maintain their fertilizing ability and may be suitable for use in IVF and other assisted reproductive procedures

Sonographic Appearance of Abdominal Wall at the Left Flank of Laparotomy Incision Site in Ettawah Grade Does

The aim of this study was to describe the sonographic appearance of abdominal wall at the left flank of laparotomy incision site in 11 mated Ettawah grade does. Brightness-mode ultrasound examination by using transducer with frequency of 5.0-6.0 MHz was conducted to grouping the does based on their pregnancy statuses. The incision site of the abdominal wall at left flank laparotomy was transcutaneous-scanned as long as 8 cm vertically. The sonographic appearance of the laparotomy wall thickness showed that in all groups of does were similar and not different statistically. The thickness of oblique external and oblique internal abdominal muscles increased in the pregnant does as compared to non-pregnant does (P<0.05)

Isolation and Number of Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells (Gonadal PGCs) on the Stages of Early Embryonic Development of KUB Chicken

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are cells that will differentiate themselves into spermatogonia in the testis or oogonia in the ovary. Primordial germ cells arise from epiblast and circulate through the bloodstream and finally entering gonadal anlage. The aim of this study was to determine the number of gonadal PGCs of KUB chicken at different development stages. Sixty KUB chicken fertile eggs were divided into four groups (6, 7, 8, and 9 days incubation periods), and incubated at 38 oC with a humidity of 60%. Harvesting was synchronized to the embryonic development at 6-9 d. Gonads were collected using sharp tweezers, and were placed in Eppendorf tube 1.5 mL containing 500 µL PBS [-]. Gonadal PGCs were purified using PBS [-]. The results showed that the average number of gonadal PGCs at 6, 7, 8, and 9 d were 113.7; 143.5; 92.9; and 85.7 cells per embryo, respectively. Number of gonadal PGCs per embryo of KUB chicken were significantly affected by stage of embryonic development (P<0.05), which reached a peak at day 7 of incubation, so that the isolation and collection of PGCs from the gonads were recommended at day 7 of incubation. This information is useful in production of germline chimera of other Indonesian local chickens

Analisa Kimia Kayu Pada Tanaman Araucaria Cunninghamii Aiton Ex D.don Untuk Bahan Baku Pulp

Araucaria cunninghamii is one of the endemic needles tree species grown naturally in Papua. The material used in the study is wood of A.cunninghamii that was planted in the first-generation of progeny test in Bondowoso, East Java. This study aims to determine the characteristic chemical properties of A.cunninghamii wood from some provenances as raw material for pulp. Disk of wood samples were taken from the stem at 50 cm above the ground with 5 cm of thickness. Testing chemical properties include the levels of toluene extractives soluble in ethanol, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, cellulose and lignin. Data were analyzed to determine the effect of provenance to chemical properties of wood. The results of study showed that wood sample of A.cunninghamii contained 73.33% holocellulose, 46.39% cellulose, lignin 30.56%, 1.19% ethanol solubility and 1.34% hot water solubility. Based on the composition of chemical substances contained in the wood, A.cunninghamii generally has good quality to be used as raw materials of pulp and paper

Characteristics and in Vitro Fertilization Ability of Ram Spermatozoa: Comparison of Epididymal and Ejaculated Spermatozoa

The characteristics and in vitro fertilization (IVF) ability of ram spermatozoa collected from cauda epididymal was examined. Ejaculated spermatozoa was used as control group in this experiment. Characteristics of spermatozoa including the percentage of progressive motility, viability, abnormality and membrane integrity were evaluated before and after freezing. Fertilization ability of post-thawed spermatozoa in both group was examined based on the pronucleus formation after IVF of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes. Results from these study showed that there were no significant differences in the characteristics between cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa before freezing. After freezing, motility of ejaculated spermatozoa was higher than epididymal spermatozoa (54.00±2.24% vs 48.00±4.47%), however the membrane integrity of epididymal spermatozoa was higher than ejaculated spermatozoa (75.38±9.32% vs 65.54±11.88%) (P experiment revealed that the ability of post-thawed epididymal spermatozoa to fertilize oocytes (61.40%, 42.98%, 18.42% for total, normal and polysperm, respectively) did not differ from that of ejaculated spermatozoa (66.67%, 48.78%, 17.89% for total, normal and polysperm, respectively). These results indicate that ram spermatozoa collected from cauda epididymal and then frozen have the ability to fertilize ram ooctyes in vitro in the similar rate with ejaculated spermatozoa