Phytotherapy in aspergillus: An overview of the most important medicinal plants affecting aspergillus

Aspergillosis can cause wide range of diseases such as abortion, respiratory infections and food poisoning. The emergence of drug-resistant fungal species has caused attention to be focused on developing new therapies against fungi. Some plant species have been identified antifungal properties. Because of the importance of fungal diseases, such as Aspergillus, in this study the effect of antifungal medicinal plants native to Iran, was introduced. The review carried out by searching scientific databases such as Google Scholar, SID, etc, key words, including fungi, Aspergillus, herbs and Iran to relevant articles were searched and were studied. Diagram of the present review were as follows. Zataria multiflora Boiss., Thymus eriocalyx, Mentha pulegium, Satureia hortensis, Secale montanum, Artemisia, Petroselinum crispum, Acimum basilicum, Anethum graveolens, Mentha viridis, Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Aloe vera, Rosa damascena, Coriandrum sativum Origanum majorana, Myrtus Communis L and Glycyyrhiza glabra are the most important medicinal plants against Aspergillosis. Important compounds such as Carvacrol, Thymol, Palmitic acid, Apiol, Methyl chavicol, Caryophyllene oxide, Cimonene, Camphene, Mircen and Myrtenal, Menthol, Caryophyllene, Mentone and ect includes the active compounds of medicinal plants that have antibacterial and antifungi effects, which can be described as a combination of proven anti-Aspergillus context. © 2016, Sphinx Knowledge House. All rights reserved

Comparison of Reasoner’s 2A Agar and Muller Hinton Agar Media for Microbiological Monitoring of Dialysis Water

Background and Aim: Microbiological culture of dialysis water is a routine safety measure. In, Khorramabad laboratories perform these cultures on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) at 35–378C for 48 h, not on the Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A agar) at 17–238ºC for 7 days recommended by international standards, the objective of the present study was the comparison of the efficiency of R2A and MHA media in the counting of heterotrophic bacteria in the samples of water collected in dialysis centers from 2 hospitals in Khorramabad, from September to November 2019. Methods: A total of 165 samples of treated water in dialysis centers were collected aseptically and then transported in ice‑packs to the Department of Medical Microbiology of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and the pour plate technique was carried out for the enumerating of heterotrophic bacteria. Finally, bacterial colonies were counted after incubation at 34±2ºC for 48 hours on MHA and 25ºC for 1 week on R2A. Results: Results showed heterotrophic bacterial counts in R2A were greater than those in MHA in 89% of the samples, so enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria should be carried out in R2A agar associated with longer incubation times, because of the greater sensitivity. The proportion of water samples yielding colony counts ≥200 CFU/mL by R2A -7d was significantly different from the proportion by MHA-48h (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results proposed using R2A agar combined with relative low culture temperature (20-25°C), and an extended incubation time (7-10 days) is more efficient. However, as the spectrum of bacterial contamination is not similar for dialysis centers and countries, many studies using different media and culture parameters are required to confirm this. *Corresponding Author: Faranak Rezaei; Email: [email protected] Please cite this article as: Pouladi I, Delfani S, Hadian B, Soroush S, Anbari K, Rezaei F. Comparison of Reasoner’s 2A Agar and Muller Hinton Agar Media for Microbiological Monitoring of Dialysis Water. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:1-5 (e10). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.3290

Prediction of T2DM Using Conjunctival Sac Microbiota, a Machine Learning Approach: Eye Microbiome

Background: Association of T2DM and OS disorders addresses a human eye metagenome drift. Despite the clarity of diabetic retinopathy, process of involvement of conjunctival sac microbiota is still ambiguous. We seek predictive value of OS microbiota using ML-based methods. Material and Methods: 16S rRNA characterization of human eye metagenome for samples of 192 patients (with mean age of 66 years and 56 % females) with different onsets of T2DM is analyzed using various metrics including abundance and diversity indices and LDA at phyla, families, and genera levels. We took advantage of variance threshold, Chi-squared significance, and LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) feature selection strategies for inclusion of predictive families and genera in the T2DM prediction model. ML models with different algorithms including RF, GB, SVM, and ANN are implemented. Generalizability and robust performance of the models are also ensured using a 5-fold cross-validation process. DeLong’s test is also used to investigate different performance of the methods. Results: Microbiome analyses revealed that eye metagenome profiles of the patients with <15 years of T2DM history show significantly higher richness and diversity. ML model performance shows ROC-AUC of ~0.8. ML model with the superior performance exhibit sensitivity and accuracy of 0.86 and 0.68, respectively, in the prediction of T2DM occurrence. Conclusion: significant correlation and co-occurrence of T2DM and eye microbiome dysbiosis is trackable and well-optimized ML-strategies can predict T2DM onsets based on the microbiome of conjunctival sac

Salmonellosis Phytotherapy: A review on Iranian most important medicinal plants affecting on Salmonella

Salmonella are isolated from diarrheal diseases, typhoid fever, bacteriemia and enterocolitis. Salmonella-related diseases are major health problem in most of countries. Scientific research approach has been to achieve plants bioactive substances due to drug resistance and side effects of chemical antimicrobial drugs. Plants can be considered as a source of potentially useful chemicals but only a fraction of them have been used in medicine. We aimed in this review article to present anti Salmonella effects of Iranian native medicinal plants. The information was obtained using key words including Salmonellosis, Salmonella, medicinal plant, essential oil, searching scientific databases scientific information database (SID), Magiran, Google scholar, Blackwell, Wiley, Springer and Sciencedirect. Ten plant families of native medicinal plants of Iran were found to be effective on Salmonella including Thymus multiflora, Thymus vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Ferulago angulata, Avicennia marina, Crocus sativus L, Cordia myxa L, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Allium sativum, Teucrium polium L, Satureia hortensis L, Anethum graveolens and Vaccinium arctostaphylosplants. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins, such as thymol, carvacrol and coumarin have been isolated from the most anti salmonellosis plants. Carvacrol is common antioxidant and bioactive compound in all of these plants. Most used medicinal plants as anti-Salmonella compound has belonged to Lamiaceae family (31% of Iranian native plant families). Active ingredients of Lamiaceae medicinal plants can be produced and entered in pharmaceutical market as anti-Salmonella drugs

Diversity of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes among multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii genotypes isolated from nosocomial infections in Tehran hospitals and their association with class 1 integrons

The aim of the present study was to investigate, for the first time, the diversity of the genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AME) and their association with class 1 integrons in Iranian Acinetobacter baumannii strains.A total of 100 multidrug resistant A. baumannii, isolated from eight distinct hospitals in Tehran, were enrolled in this study. Susceptibility of these isolates to antimicrobial agents including gentamicin and amikacin was determined by E-test. Aminoglycoside resistant isolates were then tested by PCR for AME genes, including aphA6, aacC1, aacC2, aacA4, aadB, aadA1, classes 1 integron, 5′-CS-3′ and typed by RAPD PCR.The rate of resistance to imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin and amikacin were 39%, 39%, 38% and 32%, respectively. Intermediate resistance phenotype to gentamicin and amikacin was observed in 2% and 5% of all the isolates, respectively. After aph6 with 90% (n = 36/40), aadA1, aacC1 and aadB with 82.5% (n = 33/40), 65% (n = 26/40) and 20% (n = 8/40) were the most prevalent AME genes among aminoglycosides resistant A. baumannii isolates. A combination of two to four different resistance genes was observed in 39 of 40 strains (97.5%), with a total of 7 different combinations. PCR of integrase genes revealed that AME gene was associated with 67% of class 1 integrons. RAPD analysis showed three predominant genotypes A (n = 20), B (n = 10) and 10 unrelated genotypes.The occurrence of identical resistance genes, gene combinations and class 1 integrons associated with these genes in clonally distinct strains indicates that horizontal gene transfer plays a major role in the dissemination of aminoglycoside resistance in A. baumannii

Synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in comparison with ampicillin, colistin, and ertapenem on Staphylococcus aureus

Objectives: Today, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance have caused many problems in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection and is one of the most important health issues. At present, nanotechnology has a significant impact on the various fields including pharmacology, health, medicine, and food. This study aimed to synthesize the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Tio2NPs) and its antibacterial effect on S. aureus compared with conventional antibiotics. Materials and Methods: In this study, Tio2NPs were tested on S. aureus compared with a number of antibiotics. First, Tio2NPs were synthesized. The shape and size of the particles as well as the synthesis quality were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering, zeta potential and X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial effect of Tio2NPs on S. aureus strain (ATCC 12600) was then studied by disc diffusion method. Antibiotics of ampicillin, colistin, and ertapenem were used as control group. Results: Based on the results and given that the polydispersity index of the samples was below 0.5 (0.466), the other sample was estimated at 347.9 nm. The zeta potential of Tio2 sample was estimated at -9.48 indicating the stability of the nanoparticle and its suspension in a suitable amount per unit of time in the solution. The results of the AFM showed that the lower mean value obtained for the Tio2NPs was 0.5 nm, and the growth of the nanoparticles was noticeable in some regions and uniform and low in some others. The result of SEM showed that the size of the nanoparticle was 28.45-34.14 nm. The best inhibition zone diameter was obtained for ampicillin (30.66 mm), followed by ertapenem (15 mm) and Tio2(10 mm). Colistin without inhibition zone was identified as ineffective group. Conclusion: Due to the development of drug resistance to antibiotics, the production and synthesis of antimicrobial agents is one of the requirements of the current time. Due to the excellent synthesis of Tio2 and the presence of very fine nanoparticles, it can be used as a strong antimicrobial compound, especially on S. aureus infection