Pulse Frequency Fluctuations of Magnetars

Using \emph{RXTE}, \emph{Chandra}, \emph{XMM-Newton} and \emph{Swift} observations, we for the first time construct the power spectra and torque noise strengths of magnetars. For some of the sources, we measure strong red noise on timescales months to years which might be a consequence of their outbursts. We compare noise strengths of magnetars with those of radio pulsars by investigating possible correlations of noise strengths with spin-down rate, magnetic field and age. Using these correlations, we find that magnetar noise strengths are obeying similar trends with radio pulsars. On the contrary, we do not find any correlation between noise strength and X-ray luminosity which was seen in accretion powered pulsars. Our findings suggest that the noise behaviour of magnetars resembles that of radio pulsars but they possess higher noise levels likely due to their stronger magnetic fields.Comment: 18 pages, 1 table, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

The problem of determining the place of international civil process in the legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan

In the science of private international law under international civil process usually means a series of procedural issues related to the protection of the rights of foreigners and foreign legal entities in court. This issue of access of foreign persons to justice, their position in the process, international jurisdiction, legal assistance the courts and other judicial authorities of each other, the collection of evidence, the establishment of the content of foreign law, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, notarial acts, designed to serve as collateral rights of domestic citizens and legal persons abroad. According to another understanding, international civil procedure - a comprehensive institution of private international law governing the relationship and interaction of national and international procedures defined in the procedural rules for the protection and the establishment of civil rights.peer-reviewe

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Comprehensive timing and X-ray spectral analysis of GX 1+4

We present the analysis of RXTE-PCA observations of GX 1+4 between 2001 March 3 and 2003 January 31 together with the CGRO-BATSE X-ray flux and frequency derivative time series between 1991 and 1999. From the timing analysis of RXTE-PCA observations, we are able to phase connect pulse arrival times of the source within two different time intervals and obtain corresponding timing solutions. Using these pulse arrival times, we contribute to long-term pulse frequency history of the source. We look for episodic correlations and anti-correlations between the torque and X-ray luminosity using the CGRO-BATSE X-ray flux and frequency derivative time series and find that the correlation state of GX 1+ 4 seems to change on similar to 100-200 d long intervals. We estimate the torque noise of the source and observe the flickering noise (f(-1)). We measure the longest observed time-scale for a noise process amongst accretion-powered X-ray pulsars by extending the noise estimate for a time-scale ranging from 31 d to 44 yr. Spectral analysis of individual RXTE-PCA observations indicates a significant correlation between the iron line flux and the unabsorbed X-ray flux. Pulse-phase-resolved spectra of the source indicate a broadening of iron line complex at the bin corresponding to the pulse minimum