Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses

Open Access Journal; Published online: 10 Oct 2022Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored

Genetic Diversity in Natural Populations of Rhodiola Species of Different Adaptation Strategies

Representatives of the Crassulaceae family’s genus Rhodiola are succulents, making them distinctive in a changing environment. One of the most significant tools for analyzing plant resources, including numerous genetic processes in wild populations, is the analysis of molecular genetic polymorphism. This work aimed to look at the polymorphisms of allelic variations of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and auxin response factor (ARF) gene families, as well as the genetic diversity of five Rhodiola species, using the retrotransposons-based fingerprinting approach. The multi-locus exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC-PCR) profiling approach was used to examine allelic variations in the SOD and ARF gene families. We implemented the inter-primer binding site (iPBS) PCR amplification technique for genome profiling, which demonstrated a significant level of polymorphism in the Rhodiola samples studied. Natural populations of Rhodiola species have a great capacity for adaptation to unfavorable environmental influences. The genetic variety of wild populations of Rhodiola species leads to their improved tolerance of opposing environmental circumstances and species evolutionary divergence based on the diversity of reproductive systems

Shaping Scientific Worldview of Schoolchildren by Including Synergetics into the Content of Education

Introduction. The article presents an optimal use of synergy elements as most important methods of forming a generalized worldview in schoolchildren. It determines the relevance of this study. A brief theoretical analysis of synergetic as a self-organization theory is given. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the efficiency of synergetics in the process of molding the worldview of high school s tudents. Materials and Methods. Pedagogical experiment method, test method, sign criterion method, analysis, comparison and generalization were used as research tools. Results. Methodological tools to enhance the formation of the system of ideological knowledge among students were identified. Elective courses are considered as an effective means of realizing the worldview functions of high school subjects. The results of the pedagogical experiment are presented. In the experiment levels of formation of the system of worldview knowledge in natural science and humanities were revealed. The authors used the ideas of synergetics in the process of forming the scientific worldview of students, who assimilated the knowledge holistically, but not in fragments. They got an integral view of reality and formed a synergetic picture of the world. Discussion and Conclusion. The practical significance of the research is in the introduction of ideas of synergetics into the educational process of secondary schools and the structuring the content of natural sciences and humanities. This content is aimed at the formation of a generalized worldview of schoolchildren. The novelty of the research lies in the development of integrative subjects, courses and interdisciplinary programs with synergistic content. This development allows you to prepare high-quality teaching staff. These frames are capable of realizing the ideological function of school subjects. Further development of the material presented in the article is seen in expanding the scope of research in these areas: designing a system of ideological and synergistic knowledge. This knowledge is necessary for the formation of the generalized worldview; development of methods and technologies for teaching a system of synergistic knowledge

Growth and optical properties of dye films and dye-in-polymer matrix deposited by vacuum evaporation

Searching new more effective materials for organic electroluminescent displays is continuing. The polymethine dyes is a class of organic materials that are very interesting for these purposes. Films of the polymethine dyes were deposited by evaporation in vacuum. Also deposited were dye-filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films. Kinetics of growth and heating the films were observed using optical spectroscopy in situ. It was found out the influence of the chemical structure of dyes on growth and heating kinetics of the dye films. It was found that PTFE matrix strongly enhances dye stability

The State of Higher Education in Occupational Health and Safety in Central Asian Countries

A healthy workforce is vital for the sustainable social and economic development of any country. Assuring occupational health and safety (OHS) depends not only on the passing of quality working legislation and inspection of workplaces, but also on preparation of qualified specialists on OHS. Aimed at assessing of relevance of the content of training at Central Asian universities to the needs in prevention of risks of accidents and injuries and promotion of a preventive culture in the workplace, and finding out how they are compliant with the recommendations of the Mainstreaming occupational safety and health into the education (2010), we examined curricula of 20 medical and non-medical universities across Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The analysis of training programs showed that education in OHS and preparation of qualified specialists in Central Asiana countries is up-to-date and tailored to local needs for prevention of risks of accidents and injuries and promotes the notion of a preventive culture in the workplace

Изучение структурных особенностей соединительной ткани век у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой

PURPOSE: To study collagen structures of periorbital tissues of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: During the surgeries of 12 patients aged 55-87, 17 samples of various tissues were taken: 13 eyelid skin samples of 8 patients during blepharoplasty, 3 cartilage samples during eyelid eversion surgery, 1 sample of sclera during nonpenetrating deep sclerotomy. In total, 7 samples were obtained from patients with stages II and III of POAG and 10 samples from patients without glaucoma. We measured the endothermic temperature peak (Td) and enthalpy ΔHd) of denaturation process using differential scanning calorimetry (Phoenix DSC 204, «Netzsch», Germany) to estimate the crosslinking level of the examined tissues. RESULTS: ΔHd and Td medians of eyelid skin samples of patients aged 55-60 (median - 57 years) without POAG were equal to 7.03 J/g of dry weight and 66.600С, respectively. In contrast, patients of an older age group - 72-79 years (median - 75 years) revealed higher values of this parameter: 9.12 J/g of dry weight and 67.25°С. Moreover, the patients of the same age group (median - 74 years) with POAG showed even higher values of these parameters: 9.33 J/g of dry weight and 67.35°С, respectively. Thermomechanical parameters of eyelid cartilage of same age patients (71-78 years) were different in POAG/No POAG cases: 8.26 J/g of dry weight and 66.6°С, and 10.106 J/g of dry weight and 67,1°С respectively. A clinical case of a metabolic disorder of eyelid connective tissue and sclera is presented: a 72-year old patient K. with stage II POAG in OD and stage III POAG in OS and initial cataract of OU. ΔHd and Тd of OD eyelid skin (9.97 J/g of dry weight and 66.3°С) were lower than in OS (13.1 J/g of dry weight and 66.4°С). ΔHd and Тd of the OS sclera were 4.8 J/g of dry weight and 65.9°С. After glaucoma surgery in OS, excessive scarring along newly formed outflow paths was noted. CONCLUSION: A clear age-related rising trend of collagen crosslinking level and collagen content increase in eyelid tissues (skin and cartilage) was revealed. Respective parameters in POAG patients were higher than in patients of the same age group without glaucoma.ЦЕЛЬ. Изучение особенностей коллагеновых структур тканей придаточного аппарата глаза у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ). МЕТОДЫ. У 12 пациентов в возрасте от 55 до 87 лет в ходе хирургических вмешательств были взяты 17 образцов различных тканей: 13 образцов кожи век 8 пациентов при блефаропластических операциях, 3 образца хряща 3 пациентов при устранении выворота века, 1 образец склеры у 1 пациента при непроникающей глубокой склерэктомии. У пациентов с ПОУГ II и III стадий взяты 7 образцов тканей и 10 фрагментов - у пациентов без глаукомы. Для оценки уровня поперечной связанности коллагена определяли термомеханические показатели образцов исследуемых тканей - эндотермический температурный пик (Тд) и энтальпию (ΔHд) процесса денатурации с помощью дифференциальной сканирующей калориметрии (Phoenix DSC 204, «Netzsch», Германия). РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Медианы ΔHд и Тд образцов кожи век пациентов в возрасте 55-60 лет (медиана - 57 лет) без ПОУГ составляли 7,03 Дж/г сухого веса и 66,60°С соответственно. В то же время у пациентов более старшей возрастной группы - 72-79 лет (медиана - 75 лет) без ПОУГ эти показатели были выше: 9,12 Дж/г сухого веса и 67,25°С. У пациентов с ПОУГ той же возрастной группы (медиана - 74 года) эти показатели были еще выше - 9,33 Дж/г сухого веса и 67,35°С соответственно. Термомеханические показатели хряща век пациентов близкого возраста (71-78 лет) без ПОУГ и с ПОУГ также оказались различными, составляя соответственно 8,26 Дж/г сухого веса и 66,6°С; 10,10 Дж/г сухого веса и 67,1°С соответственно. Представлен клинический пример нарушения метаболизма соединительной ткани век и склеры: пациент К., 72 года, с диагнозом ПОУГ II а правого глаза, ПОУГ III а левого глаза, начальная катаракта обоих глаз. ΔHд и Тд кожи века правого глаза (9,97 Дж/г и 66,3°С) оказались ниже, чем левого (13,1 Дж/г и 66,4°С). ΔHд и Тд склеры левого глаза составили 4,8 Дж/г и 65,9°С. После антиглаукоматозной операции левого глаза зафиксировано избыточное рубцевание вновь созданных путей оттока. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Выявлена отчетливая тенденция к увеличению поперечной связанности коллагена и его содержания в тканях век (кожи и хряща) с возрастом, при этом у пациентов с ПОУГ эти показатели оказались выше, чем у лиц той же возрастной группы без глаукомы