In Vitro Assessment Of The Antiplasmodial Activity Of Three Plants Extracts Used In Local Traditional Medicine In Saloum (Senegal)

Against the scourge of malaria in Africa and the development of chemo-resistance, discovering new natural cures is a major concern for many researchers. As a consequence, the present study was carried out in order, first, to identify the phytochemical compounds, and second, to assess the antiplasmodial activity, of three medicinal plants extracts, selected from an ethno-botany survey conducted in Senegal. The parts of the plants used were Strychnos spinosa (Strychnaceae) leaves and stems, Combretum glutinosum (Combretaceae) barks, and the whole aerial part of Pennisetum polystachion (Poaceae). Among these plants, the hydromethanolic extracts of Strychnos spinosa stems showed the most important activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains, with a IC50 of 15 μg/ml, followed by the leaves chlorophormic extracts and the ethyl acetate extracts of Pennisetum polystachion, with respective IC50 of 20 μg/ml and 21 μg/ml. Combretum glutinosum extracts showed the least important activity, in all tests

Validation of an UV-Visible spectrophotometry assay method for the determination of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets without prior extraction

Methods proposed by pharmacopeias to check the quality of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets are multi steps methods which involve extraction and present issues with repeatability. An alternative method is proposed with a sensitive, reliable, simple and rapid UV-VISIBLE spectrophotometry method developed for the determination without extraction of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets. The method was validated using the accuracy profile approach with an accuracy ranging from 99.70 to 100.46%. Analysis was done using 0.25 mol/L sulfuric acid, distilled water, and raw material in a room at 23 °C for 25 to 30 minutes. Chlorpheniramine maleate concentration varied from 0.018 to 0.03 mg/mL. The method was found to be specific with the appearance of the corresponding maxima at 265 nm and a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9993. Limits of detection and quantification were respectively 1.39 × 10-4and 2.26 × 10-3 mg/mL. The tolerance limits for the different concentration levels (75, 100 and 125%) were respectively: 88.37; 92.74 and91.62% for lower limits and 111.03; 108.17 and 108.02% for upper limits. It was observed that the tolerance limits were within the limits of acceptability set at 20%. Consequently, the method was declared valid and reliable for routine analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets containing chlorphenamine as active principle.Keywords : Chlorpheniramine maleate, tablets, accuracy profile, assay method without extraction, validatio

Evaluation de l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) et de Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)

Les plantes traditionnelles présentent généralement de nombreuses propriétés thérapeutiques. L’objectif de la présente étude consistait à évaluer l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis par spectrophotométrie moléculaire au moyen des méthodes de piégeage des radicaux libres 2,2-diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH•) et acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonique) (ABTS+•). Une extraction éthanolique des feuilles de ces deux plantes a été effectuée au Soxhlet. Les deux extraits secs, redissouts dans de l’eau, ont été fractionnés en utilisant successivement l’hexane, le dichlorométhane et l’acétate d’éthyle. Les propriétés antioxydantes des extraits et celles de leurs différentes fractions ont été évaluées à différentes concentrations : 5, 10, 25 et 150 μg/ml. Les pourcentages d’inhibition (PI) expriment l’effet antioxydant mesuré. Une activité de piégeage des deux radicaux libres a été associée aux deux extraits et à l’ensemble des fractions. Pour les tests d’inhibition de l’absorbance du radical DPPH•, les PI ont varié de (22,20±0,03)% à (91,30±0,08)%. Avec le radical ABTS+•, les PI ont varié de (54,37±0,02)% à (99,13±0,01)%. Les extraits éthanoliques des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis et leurs différentes fractions présentent ainsi un pouvoir antioxydant.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Plante médicinale, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2- diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle), spectrophotométrie moléculaireEnglish Title: Antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) and Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)English AbstractSeveral therapeutic properties are often associated with traditional plants. The antioxidant properties of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis leaf extracts were evaluated by molecular spectrophotometry and using two radical scavenging methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2’-azino bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The leaves of each plant were extracted with ethanol  using a Soxhlet extractor apparatus. The two dry ethanolic extracts were dissolved in water then fractionated using successively hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and their different fractions were determined at various concentrations: 5, 10, 25 and 150 μg/ml. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as percent inhibition (PI). The extracts and their different fractions scavenged DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals. The DPPH assay showed PI varying from 22.20±0.03% to 91.30±0.08%. With the ABTS+• radical, the PI varied from 54.37±0.02% to 99.13±0.01%. The ethanolic extracts of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis as well as their fractions showed antioxidant capacities.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Medicinal plant, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), molecular spectrophotometr

Etude analytique chimique bio-guidée d'extraits actifs de plantes à visée antipaludique de la pharmacopée traditionnelle sénégalaise

La recherche de nouveaux traitements antipaludiques est nécessaire pour faire face au désastre persistant que constitue l endémie palustre dans le monde, en Afrique en particulier. La gamme des médicaments antipaludiques disponibles est en effet étroite. L exploration scientifique des plantes des Pharmacopées traditionnelles est indispensable à la validation de leur usage traditionnel et pour la découverte de nouveaux traitements. C est dans ce contexte que notre travail a porté sur l étude bio-analytique de trois espèces médicinales sénégalaises à visée antipaludique : I. senegalensis A. Juss., F gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) Steud. et G. ternifolia Schum. et Thonn. Les résultats obtenus dans les essais biologiques ont montré l absence de toxicité pour les extraits de plante, une bonne activité antiplasmodiale pour I. senegalensis A. Juss., et G. ternifolia Schum. et Thonn., une bonne activité antioxydante pour Ficus gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) Steud. et une bonne inhibition de la croissance de cellules cancéreuses colorectales pour G. ternifolia Schum. et Thonn. Les études analytiques chimiques bioguidées (chromatographie et spectrométrie) menées sur les extraits actifs ont révélé la présence de composés phénoliques et de stérols en général sur les trois plantes. Ce travail a permis en particulier de valider scientifiquement l usage traditionnel d I. senegalensis comme antipaludique et d établir des empreintes digitales chromatographiques sur des extraits d intérêt.The search for new antimalarial treatments is necessary to face the perpetual and endemic malarial disaster in the world, mainly in Africa. The range of available antimalarial drugs is indeed close. The scientific exploration of the traditional Pharmacopeia s plants is essential to validate their traditional use and for the discovery of new treatments. It is within this context that our work concerned the bioactivity-guided fractionation of three Senegalese antimalarial medicinal species: I. senegalensis A. Juss., Ficus gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) Steud. and G. ternifolia Schum. and Thonn. The results obtained in the biological tests showed no toxicity for the plant extracts, a good antiplasmodial activity for I. senegalensis A. Juss and G. ternifolia, a good antioxydant activity for F. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) Steud. and a good inhibition of the growth of the human colon cancer cells for G. ternifola Schum. and Thonn. The bioguided-chemical analytical studies (chromatography and spectrometry) carried out on the active extracts revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and sterols in general on the three plants. Scientifically, mainly this work contributed to validate the traditional use of I. senegalensis as antimalarial plant. Chromatographic fingerprints were also established on extracts and fractions of interest.STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Formulation de pilules effervescente à base d'Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffa est une Malvacées dont les calices servent à la fabrication de boissons à propriétés nutritives et médicinale.  Ces propriétés sont dû aux anthocyanes mais également à sa richesse en mucilage. Cette boisson est souvent présentée sous forme de solution ou de concentré à diluer au moment de l’emploi. Cependant ces formes aqueuses ont tendance à fermenter, limitant leur conservation. Transformer ces formes se aqueux en formes plus facilement conservables présente donc un intérêt stratégique pour la valorisation de cette boisson.  En pratique courante, pour y parvenir, la poudre d’hibiscus est obtenue en faisant divers ajouts d’extrait aqueux sur du sucre, et en séchant de façon répétée jusqu’à obtention du produit sec qui est en réalité du sucre imprégné de jus d’hibiscus. Cette technique est faite car le jus d’hibiscus est riche en mucilage donnant après séchage une masse gommeuse et hygroscopique non granuleuse. Le sucre permet donc d’obtenir une forme cristalline granuleuse, mais cette forme est riche en sucre ajouté qui est néfaste pour la santé. L’objectif de ce travail à été de proposer une formulation sèche facilement soluble dans l’eau en transforment l’extrait sec gommeuse en pilule effervescente par ajout d’acide citrique et de bicarbonate de sodium

Formulation de pilules effervescente à base d'Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffa est une Malvacées dont les calices servent à la fabrication de boissons à propriétés nutritives et médicinale.  Ces propriétés sont dû aux anthocyanes mais également à sa richesse en mucilage. Cette boisson est souvent présentée sous forme de solution ou de concentré à diluer au moment de l’emploi. Cependant ces formes aqueuses ont tendance à fermenter, limitant leur conservation. Transformer ces formes se aqueux en formes plus facilement conservables présente donc un intérêt stratégique pour la valorisation de cette boisson.  En pratique courante, pour y parvenir, la poudre d’hibiscus est obtenue en faisant divers ajouts d’extrait aqueux sur du sucre, et en séchant de façon répétée jusqu’à obtention du produit sec qui est en réalité du sucre imprégné de jus d’hibiscus. Cette technique est faite car le jus d’hibiscus est riche en mucilage donnant après séchage une masse gommeuse et hygroscopique non granuleuse. Le sucre permet donc d’obtenir une forme cristalline granuleuse, mais cette forme est riche en sucre ajouté qui est néfaste pour la santé. L’objectif de ce travail à été de proposer une formulation sèche facilement soluble dans l’eau en transforment l’extrait sec gommeuse en pilule effervescente par ajout d’acide citrique et de bicarbonate de sodium

Exposure assessment to pesticide residues and trace metals related to the consumption of imported onions (Allium cepa) in Senegal

In Senegal, the onion is one of the most consumed vegetables because it is used in all salty culinary preparations. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of imported onions to exposure to pesticide residues and metallic trace elements. Composite samples of onions were taken in the seven largest markets of Dakar: Thiaroye, Keur Massar, Castors, Cambérene, Rufisque, Tilène and Dalifort. The metallic trace elements were determined by the ICP-AES, type Agilent Technology serial number AU 14110053 of 2014, while pesticide residues were detected and quantified by gas chromatograph, type Agilent Technology 6890A serial CN10721019, equipped with an Electron Capture micro-Detector with serial number 022423. The average content of the composite samples in lead (Pb) (778.22 µg/kg) was 7 to 8 times higher, in cadmium (Cd) (12.43 µg/kg) 5 times lower than the maximum residue limits determined by the European Union and the Codex Alimentarius, while the average concentration of aluminum (Al) was 13570 µg/kg. Twenty four (24) pesticide residues were tested. The average concentrations of some pesticides banned in European Union (EU) exceeded the maximum limits set by them. In fact, they are more than hundred (100) times higher for Prophenophos (2088.16 µg/kg), 25 times for Fenthion (508.01 ppb), 7 times for Tetramethrin (72.56 µg/kg), 2.5 times for Parathion methyl (50.16 ppb), 2 times for Dichlorvos (19.12 µg/kg), and 1.4 times for Endrin (14.26 µg/kg). The Dimetoate and the Malathion, although authorized, were found in onions at concentrations 25 times (250.8 µg/kg) and 2 times (40.71 µg/kg), respectively higher than the maximum limits set by the EU. Only the average content of Chlorpyrophos (4.13 µg/kg), Bifenthrin (2.99 µg/kg), Lambda Cyhalothrin (7.30 µg/kg) and Cypermethrin (8.095 ppb) were in accordance with the EU regulations. The results of the exposure assessment reveals that the calculated daily consumption of 0.158 kg of these onion samples by a 60 kg average body weight Senegalese adult would provide 56% of the Toxicological Reference Value for lead, 25% for aluminum, 66% for Dimetoate, 63% for Dichlorvos, 28% for Dieldrin, 19% for Fenthion, 18% for Endrin and Prophenophos and 13% for Parathion-methyl. This study reveals that the imported onion contributes to the exposure of the Senegalese adult to eight (8) phytosanitary active substances and three (3) metallic trace elements. Thus, the health risk cannot be ruled out and it is important to set up a monitoring plan for the imported onion

Nutritional and antioxidant potential of seeds from two Cucurbitaceae species from Senegal

Cucurbits are largely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for nutritional and medicinal purposes. In Senegal, two species, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), are cultivated and their use include consumption of flesh or the whole fruit. In general, people don’t give importance to seeds which can have nutritional properties of great interest. Hence, the relevance of this study whose objective is to assess the nutritional and therapeutic properties of seeds. For that purpose, the seeds of watermelon and pumpkin were air-dried, manually shelled, ground, and subjected to assays including physicochemical determination, characterization of oils, phytochemical screening and antioxidant analysis. Proteins (28.46 - 32.85 %), fat (36.3 - 39.7 %) and carbohydrates (23.6 - 13.9 %) were the main chemical components found in watermelon and pumpkin seeds. Micro-elements such as potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, calcium, and iron were also found with potassium showing the highest levels as 1026.07 and 635.00 mg/100 g for watermelon and pumpkin, respectively. Magnesium and phosphorous were the following minerals in terms of level content. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were predominant in seed oils with the linoleic acid most representative as 73.01 and 35.90% for watermelon and pumpkin, respectively. From the saturated fatty acids (SFAs), the palmitic acid was the most important. Phytochemical components in seeds include the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins in the ethanolic extracts of pumpkin and watermelon seeds. Regarding to the radical scavenging activity, relatively close values have been obtained for fractions from the ethanolic watermelon extract, the aqueous fraction showing the highest antioxidant activity (26.82%). For pumpkin, the highest values were registered for ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions as 36.17 and 35.36%, respectively. Therefore, seeds from watermelons and pumpkin cultivated in Senegal exhibited interesting nutritional and antioxidant properties which argue in favor of their use to overcome malnutrition issues