Possible ways for post‐treatment of biologically treated wastewater from yeast factory

The effluents, which are formed from the waste in the process of production of yeast and molasses, contain a large amount of colouring substances (melanoidins, etc.) and can give dark brown painting to the effluent leading to high organic load on the wastewater treatment plant. The purpose of this study was estimation of the process of coagulation as possible method for the post‐treatment of effluents of yeast industry. The experiments on the coagulation were carried out using biologically purified effluents of Salutaguse yeast factory. This effluent had relatively high residual content of COD (with the effectiveness of treatment — 90%) and brown colour. Different coagulants and flocculants were studied under laboratory conditions. The most effective coagulants FeCl3˙6H2O and Al2 (SO4) 3 were studied additionally. The results of this experiment showed a significant decrease of colour and also concentration of COD. Economic analysis for the possible application of coagulants and ozone for the post‐treated effluents of yeast factory was also made. The obtained data showed that coagulants and ozone could be used in the process of the post‐treatment of effluents of yeast industry for the purpose of decreasing the colour and general concentration of pollutants, however, these processes are very expensive. Galimi papildomi mielių gamyklos biologiškai valytų nuotekų valymo būdai Santrauka. Nuotekų, susidarančių pramoniniuose procesuose naudojant mieles bei melasą, sudėtyje esti dideli kiekiai dažančių medžiagų (melanoidų). Jie nuotekas nudažo tamsiai rudai, o valymo įrenginiams tenka didelės organinių medžiagų apkrovos. Tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti koaguliacijos procesą kaip galimą papildomą mielių pramonės nuotekų valymo metodą. Koaguliacijos eksperimentams buvo naudojamos biologiškai valytos Salutaguso mielių gamyklos nuotekos. Nustatyta didelė šių nuotekų liekamoji organinių medžiagų vertė (valymo efektyvumui esant 90 %), nuotekos buvo rudos. Laboratorinėmis sąlygomis ištirta įvairūs koaguliantai ir flokuliantai. Efektyviausieji koaguliantai – FeCl3 · 6H2O ir Al2 (SO4 )3 buvo išanalizuoti papildomai. Eksperimento rezultatai – žymiai pašviesėjo nuotekų spalva, sumažėjo organinių medžiagų koncentracija. Atlikta ekonominė analizė, įvertinta koaguliantų ir ozono taikymas biologiškai išvalytoms mielių gamyklos nuotekoms valyti papildomai, kad pašviesėtų nuotekų spalva, ir suminė organinių medžiagų koncentracija būtų mažesnė. Šie procesai yra itin brangūs. Reikšminiai žodžiai: koaguliacija, spalva, ozonavimas, papildomas valymas, mielių pramonės nuotekos. Возможные пути доочистки биологически очищенных сточных вод дрожжевого завода Резюме. Сточные воды, образующиеся от использования в процессе производства дрожжей мелассы, содержат большое количество красящих веществ (меланоидинов), которые придают сточной воде темно-коричневую окраску и приводят к высокой органической нагрузке на очистные сооружения. Целью исследования была оценка процесса коагулирования как возможного метода доочистки сточных вод дрожжевой промышленности. В экспериментах по коагулированию была использована биологически очищенная сточная вода Салутагуского завода по производству дрожжей. Сток имел относительно высокое остаточное содержание органических веществ (при эффективной очистке в 90%) и коричневый цвет. Различные коагулянты и флокулянты были изучены в лабораторных условиях. Наиболее эффективные коагулянты FeCl3 ·6H2O и Al2 (SO4 )3 были изучены дополнительно. В результате эксперимента удалось добиться значительного уменьшения интенсивности цвета и концентрации органических веществ. Был произведен экономический анализ с целью возможного применения коагулянтов и озона для процесса доочистки биологически очищенных стоков завода по производству дрожжей. Коагулянты и озон можно использовать в процессе доочистки стоков биологически очищенных вод дрожжевой промышленности для уменьшения цветности и общей концентрации органических веществ. Эти процессы, однако, очень дороги. Ключевые слова: коагуляция, цвет, озонирование, дополнительная очистка, сточные воды дрожжевой промышленности. First Published Online: 14 Oct 201

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Treatment of sulphate containing yeast wastewater in an anaerobic sequence batch reactor

Abstract. Anaerobic mesophilic fermentation of sulphate containing yeast industry wastewaters at laboratory scale with anaerobic sequence batch reactors (ASBR) was studied. Three different treatment schemes were investigated -ASBR with and without a polymeric filler and coupled microaerophilic/anaerobic SBR (CSBR). The optimal concentration of sludge (total solids 17.3 g L -1 ) in the reactor and the optimal reaction time (22 h) were determined. It was shown that in the case of ASBR efficient treatment characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 75-82% took place at volume loading rates up to 7.7-8.0 kgCOD m -3 d -1 and at COD/(SO 4 ) 2-ratio 8.0. In optimal conditions the methane content of the biogas was 60%. The best results for sulphate removal (99%) were achieved in the CSBR with the concentration of sulphide in the reactor effluent being about 10 mg L -1 . Decreasing treatment efficiency after a long-time exploitation of these reactors occurred as a result of the formation of insoluble sediment (presumably CaCO 3 and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 )

POSSIBLE WAYS FOR POST‐TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICALLY TREATED WASTEWATER FROM YEAST FACTORY/GALIMI PAPILDOMI MIELIŲ GAMYKLOS BIOLOGIŠKAI VALYTŲ NUOTEKŲ VALYMO BŪDAI/ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПУТИ ДООЧИСТКИ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ОЧИЩЕННЫХ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ДРОЖЖЕВОГО ЗАВОДА

The effluents, which are formed from the waste in the process of production of yeast and molasses, contain a large amount of colouring substances (melanoidins, etc.) and can give dark brown painting to the effluent leading to high organic load on the wastewater treatment plant. The purpose of this study was estimation of the process of coagulation as possible method for the post‐treatment of effluents of yeast industry. The experiments on the coagulation were carried out using biologically purified effluents of Salutaguse yeast factory. This effluent had relatively high residual content of COD (with the effectiveness of treatment — 90%) and brown colour. Different coagulants and flocculants were studied under laboratory conditions. The most effective coagulants FeCl3˙6H2O and Al2 (SO4) 3 were studied additionally. The results of this experiment showed a significant decrease of colour and also concentration of COD. Economic analysis for the possible application of coagulants and ozone for the post‐treated effluents of yeast factory was also made. The obtained data showed that coagulants and ozone could be used in the process of the post‐treatment of effluents of yeast industry for the purpose of decreasing the colour and general concentration of pollutants, however, these processes are very expensive. Santrauka Nuotekų, susidarančių pramoniniuose procesuose naudojant mieles bei melasą, sudėtyje esti dideli kiekiai dažančių medžiagų (melanoidų). Jie nuotekas nudažo tamsiai rudai, o valymo įrenginiams tenka didelės organinių medžiagų apkrovos. Tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti koaguliacijos procesą kaip galimą papildomą mielių pramonės nuotekų valymo metodą. Koaguliacijos eksperimentams buvo naudojamos biologiškai valytos Salutaguso mielių gamyklos nuotekos. Nustatyta didelė šių nuotekų liekamoji organinių medžiagų vertė (valymo efektyvumui esant 90 %), nuotekos buvo rudos. Laboratorinėmis sąlygomis ištirta įvairūs koaguliantai ir flokuliantai. Efektyviausieji koaguliantai – FeCl3 · 6H2O ir Al2 (SO4 )3 buvo išanalizuoti papildomai. Eksperimento rezultatai – žymiai pašviesėjo nuotekų spalva, sumažėjo organinių medžiagų koncentracija. Atlikta ekonominė analizė, įvertinta koaguliantų ir ozono taikymas biologiškai išvalytoms mielių gamyklos nuotekoms valyti papildomai, kad pašviesėtų nuotekų spalva, ir suminė organinių medžiagų koncentracija būtų mažesnė. Šie procesai yra itin brangūs. Резюме Сточные воды, образующиеся от использования в процессе производства дрожжей мелассы, содержат большое количество красящих веществ (меланоидинов), которые придают сточной воде темно-коричневую окраску и приводят к высокой органической нагрузке на очистные сооружения. Целью исследования была оценка процесса коагулирования как возможного метода доочистки сточных вод дрожжевой промышленности. В экспериментах по коагулированию была использована биологически очищенная сточная вода Салутагуского завода по производству дрожжей. Сток имел относительно высокое остаточное содержание органических веществ (при эффективной очистке в 90%) и коричневый цвет. Различные коагулянты и флокулянты были изучены в лабораторных условиях. Наиболее эффективные коагулянты FeCl3 ·6H2O и Al2 (SO4 )3 были изучены дополнительно. В результате эксперимента удалось добиться значительного уменьшения интенсивности цвета и концентрации органических веществ. Был произведен экономический анализ с целью возможного применения коагулянтов и озона для процесса доочистки биологически очищенных стоков завода по производству дрожжей. Коагулянты и озон можно использовать в процессе доочистки стоков биологически очищенных вод дрожжевой промышленности для уменьшения цветности и общей концентрации органических веществ. Эти процессы, однако, очень дороги. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai: koaguliacija, spalva, ozonavimas, papildomas valymas, mielių pramonės nuotekos. Ключевые слова: коагуляция, цвет, озонирование, дополнительная очистка, сточные воды дрожжевой промышленности

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale & Objective: It is unclear whether the effect of canagliflozin on adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in those with diabetic kid-ney disease varies by age and sex. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin among age group categories and between sexes in the Canagli-flozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study.Study Design: Secondary analysis of a random-ized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: Participants in the CREDENCE trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin 100 mg/d or placebo.Outcomes: Primary composite outcome of kid-ney failure, doubling of serum creatinine con-centration, or death due to kidney or cardiovascular disease. Prespecified secondary and safety outcomes were also analyzed. Out-comes were evaluated by age at baseline (<60, 60-69, and >_70 years) and sex in the intention-to-treat population using Cox regression models.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 63.0 & PLUSMN; 9.2 years, and 34% were female. Older age and female sex were independently associ-ated with a lower risk of the composite of adverse kidney outcomes. There was no evidence that the effect of canagliflozin on the primary outcome (acomposite of kidney failure, a doubling of serum creatinine concentration, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes) differed between age groups (HRs, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52-0.87], 0.63 [0.4 8-0.82], and 0.89 [0.61-1.29] for ages <60, 60-69, and >_70 years, respectively; P = 0.3 for interaction) or sexes (HRs, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.5 4-0.95] and 0.69 [0.56-0.8 4] in women and men, respectively; P = 0.8 for interaction). No differences in safety outcomes by age group or sex were observed.Limitations: This was a post hoc analysis with multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Canagliflozin consistently reduced the relative risk of kidney events in people with diabetic kidney disease in both sexes and across age subgroups. As a result of greater background risk, the absolute reduction in adverse kidney outcomes was greater in younger participants.Funding: This post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE trial was not funded. The CREDENCE study was sponsored by Janssen Research and Development and was conducted collaboratively by the sponsor, an academic-led steering committee, and an academic research organization, George Clinical.Trial Registration: The original CREDENCE trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT02065791