Completing the picture: Importance of considering participatory mapping for REDD+ measurement, Reporting and verification (MRV)

Remote sensing has been widely used for mapping land cover and is considered key to monitoring changes in forest areas in the REDD+ Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system. But Remote Sensing as a desk study cannot capture the whole picture; it also requires ground checking. Therefore, complementing remote sensing analysis using participatory mapping can help provide information for an initial forest cover assessment, gain better understanding of how local land use might affect changes, and provide a way to engage local communities in REDD+. Our study looked at the potential of participatory mapping in providing complementary information for remotely sensed maps. The research sites were located in different ecological and socio-economic contexts in the provinces of Papua, West Kalimantan and Central Java, Indonesia. Twenty-one maps of land cover and land use were drawn with local community participation during focus group discussions in seven villages. These maps, covering a total of 270,000ha, were used to add information to maps developed using remote sensing, adding 39 land covers to the eight from our initial desk assessment. They also provided additional information on drivers of land use and land cover change, resource areas, territory claims and land status, which we were able to correlate to understand changes in forest cover. Incorporating participatory mapping in the REDD+ MRV protocol would help with initial remotely sensed land classifications, stratify an area for ground checks and measurement plots, and add other valuable social data not visible at the RS scale. Ultimately, it would provide a forum for local communities to discuss REDD+ activities and develop a better understanding of REDD+. (Résumé d'auteur

Parks and Reserves in Madagascar: Managing Biodiversity for a Sustainable Future

Madagascar has an extended network of over 100 protected areas with various IUCN status covering more than 10% of terrestrial landscapes and seascapes. The location of these areas is to a high-degree congruent with remaining forests covering some 15% of the island. The definitions of forests are numerous, at global, national, and regional scales; here we emphasize the widespread system considering the percentage of tree cover canopy, to better define the eastern humid vs. western dry forests in Madagascar and to understand how best to protect the terrestrial biodiversity within parks and reserves. Forests are home to over 80% of Madagascar’s biodiversity. These ecosystems are under high threat due to ongoing and rapid deforestation and degradation. We present the interlinkages and complexity of governing National Parks to safeguard Madagascar’s unique biodiversity and ecosystem services

Tree canopy density thresholds for improved forests cover estimation in protected areas of Madagascar

The rich endemic biodiversity of Madagascar is concentrated in different types of natural forests primarily conserved within the network of protected areas (PAs). Since 1990, remote sensing has been utilized to monitor forest cover. The latest forest cover map generated using these techniques provides accurate estimates of natural forest cover within the PAs network. However, the standardized application of Tree Canopy Density (TCD), as used in global assessments of forest cover, yields erroneous estimates for different forest types in Madagascar because the standard TCD cannot be globally applied to all types of forests. Our study aims to utilize global remote sensing data at the scale of PAs to identify specific TCD thresholds for individual PAs. Starting from the year 2000 data, the application of these thresholds will allow us to estimate deforestation in subsequent years at reduced costs. We used the official PA boundaries, a reliable forest cover map at the national scale, and the TCDs published at a global scale to infer the values of TCD to be applied in each PA. The standard TCD threshold above 30% overestimates humid and dry forests and underestimates dry spiny forests in Madagascar. Our specific TCD thresholds inferred for each PA accurately estimate the forest cover in the vast majority of PAs. Using these specific TCD thresholds will allow for improved monitoring of forest cover within the network of PAs. The methodology detailed here can also be applied in other geographic regions, and future improvements in data on forest cover—both remotely sensed and field-collected—will enhance our ability to estimate forest cover and its changes over time

Decrease of deforestation in Protected Areas of Madagascar during the Covid-19 years

Deforestation poses a significant threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study focuses on estimating the deforestation within Protected Areas (PAs) in Madagascar over a 21-year period from 2001 to 2022. A novel methodology utilizing remote sensing data and specific thresholds of tree canopy density is employed to estimate annual deforestation rates and identify trends and patterns within PAs. The analysis reveals significant deforestation in the PA network over the last decade, particularly in 2014, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Notably, the lowest annual deforestation rates were estimated during the Covid-19 years of 2020 (0.66%), 2021 (0.62%), and the subsequent year in 2022 (0.67%) when considering the entire network of 103 PAs with natural forests from 2013 to 2022.   Résumé La déforestation constitue une menace importante pour la biodiversité mondiale et les services écosystémiques. Cette étude se concentre sur l'évaluation de l'efficacité des aires protégées (AP) pour lutter contre la déforestation à Madagascar sur une période de 21 ans, de 2001 à 2022. Une méthodologie novatrice utilisant des données de télédétection et des seuils spécifiques de densité du couvert arboré est employée pour estimer les taux annuels de déforestation et identifier les tendances et les modèles au sein des AP. Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'analyse révèle une déforestation significative dans le réseau des AP au cours de certaines années, notamment en 2014, 2017, 2018 et 2019. En revanche, il est intéressant de noter qu'entre 2013 et 2022, les taux annuels de déforestation les plus bas ont été estimés pendant les années de Covid-19 en 2020 (0,66 %), 2021 (0,62 %) et l'année suivante en 2022 (0,67 %) sur l’ensemble du réseau des 103 AP avec des forêts naturelles

Exemplifying Stratified Deforestation in Four Protected Areas in Madagascar

Protected areas (PAs) are a cornerstone for conservation biodiversity. Madagascar, as a hotspot for biodiversity, has a network of 114 terrestrial protected areas covering the main forest types occurring on the island. Deforestation continues unabated despite the network covering 11% of the island. Here we present a case study approach reporting on four PAs from the humid forests, dry western forests, and southwestern dry and spiny forests and thickets. To describe deforestation in and around the case sites, we have considered a time window of 30 years for analysis, focusing on six years with reliable data: 1990, 2000, 2010, 2015 (the year of latest PA network update), and 2017. We have considered forest versus other land covers within the PAs in “buffers” at a distance of 500 m, 2.5 km, 5 km, and 10 km from the border of the PA. These buffers were set from the border towards the center of the PA (inside the PAs) and from the border outside the PAs. The smallest PAs, Kasijy (IUCN IV), and Behara Tranomaro (no IUCN category), showed the least forest loss. Tsaratanana (IUCN I) had the highest deforestation rates within the last two years of analysis, with deforestation concentrated in the core area. Ranobe PK-32 (no IUCN category), originally with the largest forest extent, has lost most of its forest cover and showed the highest annual deforestation rate (3.5%) between 2015 and 2017. All four cases prove to be very challenging to manage. Future conservation activities require tailored interventions to account for site-specific current and potential future threats, as detailed in this contribution

Participating in REDD+ Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (PMRV): Opportunities for Local People?

Assessing forest changes is the baseline requirement for successful forest management. Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) are three essential components for achieving such assessments. Community participation in resource monitoring and management is increasingly seen as a scientifically efficient, cost-effective, and equitable way to employ such practices, particularly in the context of REDD+. We developed a multidisciplinary approach to study the feasibility of Participatory MRV (PMRV) across three sites along a forest degradation gradient in Indonesia. We looked at both the local and national level needs of MRV. Our approach combines: (1) social research focusing on the enabling conditions for local participation in MRV; (2) governance analyses of existing MRV systems in forestry and health; and (3) remote sensing work comparing overlaps and gaps between satellite imagery and local assessments of forest changes. We considered in our approach the possible multiple benefits of PMRV (carbon mitigation, biodiversity conservation, livelihood security). Our study helped to identify the multiple stakeholders (communities, NGOs and governments) and what the levels of governance should be to make PMRV design and implementation feasible and sustainable

Uso de los bosques para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático: El caso del abastecimiento de agua potable en Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Suggested Citation: Raffaele Vignola, Amanda Procter, Angela Díaz, Tim McDaniels, Bruno Locatelli, Serge Rafanoharana, Diji Chandrasekharan. 2015. Uso de los bosques para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático: El caso del abastecimiento de agua potable en Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Working Paper. Washington DC: Program on Forests (PROFOR)Este estudio sobre el papel que juegan los bosques en el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación del paisaje al cambio climáticoforma parte de un proyecto multinacional más amplio diseñado y dirigido por Diji Chandrasekharan Behr (especialista principalen Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Banco Mundial) acerca de la contribución de los bosques al incremento de la capacidad deadaptación al cambio climático (www.profor.info/node/2032). El proyecto más amplio tiene como objetivo captar la contribuciónde los bosques al aumento de la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático de otros sectores. En dicho proyecto, se examinala forma en que la gestión sostenible de los bosques puede contribuir a fortalecer la capacidad de adaptación social y física delos sistemas de otros sectores. El uso de la gestión de los bosques y los árboles como parte de una estrategia más amplia paraaumentar la capacidad de resistencia frente al cambio climático puede brindar una opción de bajo costo para los paisajes localesy, al mismo tiempo, contribuir a armonizar los objetivos relativos a la producción, los medios de subsistencia, la adaptación y lamitigació

How Forests Enhance Resilience to Climate Change: The case of drinking water supply in Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Suggested Citation: Raffaele Vignola, Amanda Procter, Angela Díaz Briones, Tim McDaniels, Bruno Locatelli, Serge Rafanoharana and Diji Chandrasekharan Behr. 2015. How Forests Enhance Resilience to Climate Change: The case of drinking water supply in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Working Paper. Washington DC: Program on Forests (PROFOR).This study on the role of forests in enhancing landscape resilience to climate change is part of a larger multicountry project designed and led by Diji Chandrasekharan Behr (Sr. Natural Resource Management Specialist, World Bank) on the role of forests for enhancing resilience to climate change (www.profor.info/node/2032). The larger project aims to capture the role of forests in enhancing other sectors' resilience to climate change. It examines how sustainable management of forests can contribute to strengthening social and physical resilience of systems in other sectors. Using forest and tree management as part of a broader strategy to enhance resilience to climate change could provide a low-cost option for local landscapes while also helping to balance production, livelihood, adaptation, and mitigation goals