The influence of personal and educational demographic factors on the productivity of farmers in selected geographic regions of the Ukraine

The primary purpose of this study was to determine Ukrainian farmers characteristics based on demographic information, describe their agricultural production, land ownership, best farming practices and determine factors that could influence farmers’ gross income. Of the tree Oblasts selected, a total of 250 farmers were randomly selected in two of the oblasts and 150 in the other (due to the size of the population in the smaller sample) for personal interviews by the raion specialists. Random samples were drawn from these lists using a computerized random numbers table. Survey was designed to collect necessary information. Raion specialists received one-day training session to learn personal interview techniques. Overall, most of the farmers, (approximately 84%) indicated to have a degree of technical college or above. The average age of farmers was 45.8 which approximately 11 years younger than farmers age in the United States. Also, this study found that most of the farmers - (545), received their land from the village council title and use farming as their major source of family income. However, only 25% of farmers indicated receiving financial credit for agricultural production. The major reason for not applying for financial credit was “high interest rate”. Also this research concluded that size of agricultural land was the most influential factor on Ukrainian farmers’ gross income which correlates with high amount of black soil in Ukraine that requires less agricultural inputs for the high crop production. Based on the research findings the researcher concluded that Ukrainian government should developed programs to improve credit accessibility with reducing annual interest rate, establish farmers’ credit unions and also develop legislation for governmental crop insurance program similar to the Catastrophic Coverage (CAT) Act that was passed in U.S. in 1994. Also, most of the participating farmers had mixed crop-livestock farming. This type of agricultural production made it very difficult to calculate specific crop gross income per hectare due to combined collected information about agricultural inputs. Further research needs to be done with more detailed information about inputs or with population of farmers with narrow crop or livestock production to be able to determine optimum size of owned or leased land

Problem of professional development of university teachers in the conditions of reformation of education's system

The article is devoted to the problems of professional development of university teachers in the conditions of the education's systemСтатья посвящена проблемам профессионального развития преподавателей вузов в условиях реформирования системы высшего образования. Abstract. The article is devoted to the problems of professional development of university teachers in the conditions of the education's syste

Effect of nuclear quadrupole interactions on the dynamics of two-level systems in glasses

The standard tunneling model describes quite satisfactorily the thermal properties of amorphous solids at temperatures $T<1K$ in terms of an ensemble of two-level systems possessing logarithmically uniform distribution over their tunneling amplitudes and uniform distribution over their asymmetry energies. In particular, this distribution explains the observable logarithmic temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. Yet, experiments have shown that at ultralow temperatures $T<5mK$ such a temperature behavior breaks down and the dielectric constant becomes temperature independent (plateau effect). In this letter we suggest an explanation of this behavior exploiting the effect of the nuclear quadrupole interaction on tunneling. We show that below a temperature corresponding to the characteristic energy of the nuclear quadrupole interaction the effective tunneling amplitude is reduced by a small overlap factor of the nuclear quadrupole ground states in the left and right potential wells of the tunneling system. It is just this reduction that explains the plateau effect . We predict that the application of a sufficiently large magnetic field $B>10T$ should restore the logarithmic dependence because of the suppression of the nuclear quadrupole interaction.Comment: To appear in the Physical Review Letter

On the theory of resonant susceptibility of dielectric glasses in magnetic field

The anomalous magnetic field dependence of dielectric properties of insulating glasses in the temperature interval $10mK<T<50mK$ is considered. In this temperature range, the dielectric permittivity is defined by the resonant contribution of tunneling systems. The external magnetic field regulates nuclear spins of tunneling atoms. This regulation suppresses a nuclear quadrupole interaction of these spins with lattice and, thus, affects the dielectric response of tunneling systems. It is demonstrated that in the absence of an external magnetic field the nuclear quadrupole interaction $b$ results in the correction to the permittivity $\delta\chi\sim| b| /T$ in the temperature range of interest. An application of a magnetic field results in a sharp increase of this correction approximately by a factor of two when the Zeeman splitting $m$ approaches the order of $| b|$. Further increase of the magnetic field results in a relatively smooth decrease in the correction until the Zeeman splitting approaches the temperature. This smooth dependence results from tunneling accompanied by a change of the nuclear spin projection. As the magnetic field surpasses the temperature, the correction vanishes. The results obtained in this paper are compared with experiment. A new mechanism of the low temperature nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in glasses is considered.Comment: 9 Pages, 5 Figures, To be submitted to the Physical Review B, please send comment

Efeito do ataque de insetos na germinação de sementes de pau-jacaré (Piptadenia gonoacantha).

Organizado por Patricia Póvoa de Mattos, Celso Garcia Auer, Rejane Stumpf Sberze, Katia Regina Pichelli e Paulo César Botosso

ОЦІНКА ПЕРЕДУМОВ ФОРМУВАННЯ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗОВАНИХ ФІНАНСОВИХ РЕСУРСІВ РЕГІОНУ

The key task of local governments is to mobilize sufficient financialresources to meet current financial needs and facilitate the successfuldevelopment of the territory. The article summarizes the scientificapproaches to the nature of the region's financial resources. Amethodology for estimating the value of regional finances, whichtakes into account local budget revenues with transfers, corporateprofits, savings in banking institutions and external investment, ihasbeen proposed. The financial resources of Rivne region have beendetermined.Financial resources are divided into the centralized financialresources, which are formed at the state level, separateadministrative-territorial units, include budgets of all levels and otherstate revenues; and decentralized, created at the level of individualbusiness entities: the finances of legal and physical entities ofdifferent ownership. The factors that influence the formation ofhousehold savings have been identified: wages, income and mixed income, property income, social benefits and other current transfersreceived. The sources have been analyzed and regularities offormation of savings of the population of the region have beendetermined. It has been emphasized that while maintaining thecurrent tendency to increase the incomes of the population andincrease the number of employed people, the savings should betransformed into a significant source of formation of decentralizedfinancial resources of the region. The factors of formation of profit ofthe enterprises of the region have been determined. The estimation ofthe size of profits of the enterprises by the type of economic activity ismade. The proposals for increasing the own financial resources ofenterprises, which are the basis of the financial base of the regionhave been determind: directing depreciation for the purposes oftechnological upgrading, expanding the use of accelerateddepreciation methods; stimulating enterprise restructuring that willimprove asset management; implementation of effective financialplanning mechanism; motivation for long-term investment activity.В статье обобщены научные подходы к определению сущности финансовых ресурсов региона. Определена величина финансовых ресурсов Ровенской области. Выделены в составе финансовых ресурсов централизованная и децентрализованная составляющие.Определены факторы, влияющие на формирование финансовыхресурсов домохозяйств и прибыль предприятий. Проанализированы источники формирования сбережений населения области. Проведена оценка величины прибыли предприятий в разрезе видовэкономической деятельности. Даны предложения по совершенствованию формирования децентрализованных финансов.В статті узагальнено наукові підходи щодо сутності фінансових ресурсів регіону. Визначено величину фінансових ресурсів Рівненської області. Виокремлено в складі фінансових ресурсів централізовану та децентралізовану складові. Визначено фактори, що впливають на формування фінансових ресурсів домогосподарств таприбуток підприємств. Проаналізовано джерела формування заощаджень населення області. Проведено оцінку величини прибуткупідприємств в розрізі видів економічної діяльності. Надано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення формування децентралізованих фінансів

Determining the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Tinnitus, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: Tinnitus is the awareness of a sound in the absence of an external source. It affects around 10–15% of people, a significant proportion of whom also experience symptoms such as depression or anxiety that negatively affect their quality of life. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique involving constant low-intensity direct current delivered via scalp electrodes. It is a potential treatment option for tinnitus, as well as tinnitus-related conditions such as depression and anxiety. This systematic review estimates the effects of tDCS on outcomes relevant to tinnitus. In addition, it sheds light on the relationship between stimulation parameters and the effect of tDCS on these outcomes; (2) Methods: Exhaustive searches of electronic databases were conducted. Randomised controlled trials were included if they reported at least one of the following outcomes: tinnitus symptom severity, anxiety, or depression. Where available, data on quality of life, adverse effects, and neurophysiological changes were also reviewed. GRADE was used to assess the certainty in the estimate; (3) Results: Meta-analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in tinnitus (moderate certainty) and depression (low certainty)-but not anxiety-following active tDCS compared to sham control. Network meta-analyses revealed potential optimal stimulation parameters; (4) Conclusions: The evidence synthesised in this review suggests tDCS has the potential to reduce symptom severity in tinnitus and depression. It further narrows down the number of potentially optimal stimulation parameters