Çileklerde kurşuni küf (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) hastalığıyla biyolojik mücadelede antagonistleri yaymada vektör olarak bal arıları (Apis mellifera L.)’nın kullanımı*

Bal arıları (Apis mellifera L.) çok önemli ürünleri (bal, bal mumu, arı sütü, propolis ve polen) ve tozlaşmaya sağladıkları katkılar ile büyük bir ekonomik öneme sahiptir. Bal arıları farklı bitki türlerinin çiçekleri arasında bakteri ve fungal sporların taşınmasında da rol oynamaktadır. Mikrobiyal biyolojik mücadele etmenlerinin (fungus, bakteri ve virus) kovandan çiçeklere taşınmasında, bal arılarının taşıma yeteneğinin kullanılması bir entomovektör teknolojisi olarak bilinmektedir. Mikrobiyal biyolojik mücadele etmenlerinin çiçeklere taşınmasında bal arılarının kullanımıyla ilgili olarak son zamanlarda yayınlanmış birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Birçok bitki patojeni bitkiye çiçekten penetrasyon gerçekleştirmekte ve bu yolla da tohumlar enfekte olabilmektedir. Çiçekler üzerinde antagonistik mikroorganizma sporlarının bulunması, olası patojenlere karşı başarılı bir mücadeleye temel oluşturabilir. Bal arılarının, antagonistik mikroorganizmaları çiçeklere yaymalarıyla bitki enfeksiyonları azalabilmektedir. Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. (teleomorf; Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel), tüm dünya yüzeyine yayılmış ve 200’den fazla ekonomik öneme sahip bitkide büyük kayıplara yol açabilen, hasat öncesi ve sonrasında görülebilen bir bitki patojenidir. Çilek (Fragariae x ananassa) bitkisine B. cinerea’nın giriş yollarından bir tanesi de çiçeklerdir. B. cinerea ile biyolojik mücadele uygulamaları, 1950’li yıllardan beri fungisitlere karşı umut verici bir alternatif olarak düşünülmüştür. Trichoderma ve Clonostachys türleri B. cinerea’nın biyolojik mücadelesinde en fazla çalışılan fungal biyolojik mücadele etmenleridir. Bu çalışmada, çileklerde kurşuni küf hastalığının biyolojik mücadelesinde entomovektör teknolojisinin kullanıldığı çalışmaların sonuçları özetlenmiştir. Ayrıca, entomovektör teknolojisinin Türkiye’deki ilk uygulaması olan BICOPOLL projesi hakkında da bilgi verilecektir

Online Hate on YouTube: Anti-immigrant Rhetoric Against Syrian Refugees in Canada and Turkey

The central objective of this paper is to analyze anti-immigrant rhetoric towards Syrian refugees in the framework of Barker’s (2001) ‘new racism’ (cultural racism) on YouTube. This mediated-cultural racism is, in principle, based on the idea that third world migrants are a group of “othered-others,” who disrupt the taken-for-granted stable national identity and economy in immigrés’ countries such as Canada and Turkey. We mobilized content analysis on users’ comments on a selection of YouTube videos produced in Canada (English Canada) and in Turkey. We analyze the first 10 most-watched videos from each country, in English and Turkish languages, and collected through a search for “Syrian Refugees” and “Suriyeli Mülteciler” on YouTube

Structurally controlled landscape evolution in Kula badlands, Western Turkey

Badlands are extensively eroded landscapes consisting of weakly consolidated deposits within highly dense drainage systems. Their controlling and shaping factors can differ in relation to various internal and external conditions and processes that are not always well understood. This study focuses on the development of a badland landscape affecting Miocene and Quaternary sand-clay sediments in the extensional tectonic regime of Western Turkey with a multidisciplinary approach. The area between Kula and Selendi towns exhibits a badland topography with extensively eroded surface features, deepened gullies within poorly consolidated, sand clay-sized sediments. The results of structural field mapping and morphometric analyses using a 5 m resolution DEM to study the role of structural control in the development of badlands are presented in this study. Field data analysis supported by the quantitative assessment of longitudinal gully profiles illustrates the role of pre-existing structures as faults, their orientation and geometry in net erosion-sedimentation and the development of deepened gully networks. Representative illustrations, field photographs and block diagrams are presented to show the relationship between the rock structure and badland landscape. The connection between the extensional tectonics, erosional dynamics and geomorphology point to a structurally-controlled landscape in the Kula badlands in Western Turkey

Laparoscopy-Assisted Percutaneous Cholangiography in Biliary Atresia Diagnosis: Comparison with Open Technique

Introduction. Biliary atresia is a surgical cause of prolonged jaundice, which needs to be diagnosed with cholangiography that has traditionally been performed via laparotomy. Laparoscopic assistance has lately been introduced to avoid unnecessary laparotomy. We aim to evaluate the benefits of the laparoscopy-assisted cholangiography and compare it to the traditional procedure via laparotomy. Patients and Method. The medical records of the cases who had undergone cholangiography for prolonged jaundice between 2007 and 2014 were analyzed. The patients were grouped according to cholangiography technique (laparotomy/laparoscopy). The laparoscopy and laparotomy groups with patent bile ducts were focused and compared in terms of operation duration, postoperative initiation time of enteral feeding, and full enteral feeding achievement time. Results. Sixty-one infants with prolonged jaundice were evaluated between 2007 and 2014. Among the patients with patent bile ducts, operation duration, postoperative enteral feeding initiation time, and the time to achieve full enteral feeding were shorter in laparoscopy group. Conclusion. Laparoscopic cholangiography is safe and less time-consuming compared to laparotomy, with less postoperative burden. As early age of operation is a very important prognostic factor, laparoscopic evaluation should be an early option in work-up of the infants with prolonged jaundice with direct hyperbilirubinemia, for diagnosis/exclusion of biliary atresia

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in symptomatic patients and detection of clarithromycin resistance using melting curve analysis

AbstractBackground:Clarithromycin is often a component of combination therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication; however, increases in resistance rates have decreased the success of the treatment.Objective:This study was designed to determine the prevalence of H pylori infection in symptomatic patients and to detect clarithromycin resistance rates using melting curve analysis.Methods:Patients scheduled for upper endoscopy at the Endoscopy Unit of the Department of Gastroenterology, Duzce University, Medical Faculty Hospital, Konuralp/Duzce, Turkey, were assessed for enrollment in the study. Two pairs of gastric biopsy specimens (antrum and corpus) were obtained from each study patient. Histopathologic examination, rapid urease test, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the specimens were used to identify H pylori infection. Clarithromycin resistance was detected using melting curve analysis.Results:Seventy-five patients (41 women, 34 men; mean [SD]age, 42.6 [14.5] years [range, 17–70 years]) were included in the study. Using histopathology and rapid urease test, H pylori was detected in 40 (53.3%) of the 75 specimens. H pylori was detected using PCR in 40 (53.3%) specimens and by culture in 10 (13.3%) specimens. The specificity and sensitivity of PCR and culture were interpreted by comparing them with the results of histopathologic examination and urease tests. The specificity and sensitivity of PCR were 68.6% and 72.5%, respectively, and the specificity and sensitivity of culture were 97.1% and 22.5%, respectively. Of the 40 isolates, 21 (52.5%) were susceptible to clarithromycin, 12 (30.0%) were resistant, and a mixed susceptibility pattern was detected in 7 (17.5%) specimens. H pylori isolates from 19 (79.2%) of the 24 patients who had formerly used clarithromycin showed clarithromycin resistance.Conclusions:The prevalence of H pylori infection was 53.3% for the symptomatic patients in this study, and 47.5% of the isolates showed clarithromycin resistance using melting curve analysis. The PCR-based system used in this study was accurate for the detection of H pylori infection as well as clarithromycin susceptibility testing directly in biopsy specimens

External decontamination of wild leeches with hypochloric acid

BACKGROUND: Medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, has been used in plastic and reconstructive surgery, to relieve venous congestion and to improve the microrevascularization of flaps. In many countries, wild leeches are still provided from local markets and utilised with antibiotic prophylaxies. In this research, results of identification of bacteria in the transport fluid is reported, oral and intestinal floras and the antibiograms of the identified microorganisms are investigated. Also, to avoid possible infections, the ability of hypochloric acid, a disinfectant, to suppress the relevant microorganisms without changing the life style and behavior of leeches in terms of sucking function, is investigated. METHODS: Bacterial identifications and antibiograms of oral and intestinal flora and transport medium were performed for 10 leeches. The optimum concentration of hypochloric acid which eliminated microorganisms without affecting the viability and sucking function of the leeches were determined by dilution of hypochloric acid to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 ppm concentrations in different groups of 25 leeches. Finally, 20 leeches were applied atraumatically to the bleeding areas of rats, the duration of suction was determined and compared statistically between the leeches treated and not treated with hypochloric acid solution. RESULTS: Aeromonas hydrophilia was the most commonly identified microorganism and found to be resistant to first generation cephalosporins, frequently used in prophylaxis at surgical wards. In the next stages of the study, the leeches were subjected to a series of diluted hypochloric acid solutions. Although disinfection of the transport material and suppression of the oral flora of hirudo medicinalis were successful in 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 ppm concentrations; 12.5 ppm solution was the greatest concentration in which hirudo medicinalis could survive and sucking function was not affected significantly. CONCLUSIONS: External decontamination of wild leeches with 12.5 ppm hypochloric acid enables bacterial suppression without causing negative effects on leech sucking function and life

ÇİLEKTE KURŞUNİ KÜF HASTALIĞI ETMENİ Botrytis cinerea’YA IN VITRODA FUNGAL ANTAGONİSTLERİN ETKİSİ

Adaptasyon kabiliyetinin yüksekliği sayesinde, çileğin (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) çok farklı ekolojilerde yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. Çilek de diğer taze meyve sebzelerde olduğu gibi, özellikle yetiştirme döneminde hüküm süren fungal hastalıklar nedeniyle önemli ürün kayıplarına uğramaktadır. Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. (teleomorf; Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel) çilekte çiçek veya meyvede kurşuni küf hastalığına sebep olmakta, hem hasat öncesinde hem de hasat sonrasında çilekteki başlıca ürün kayıpları bu hastalıktan kaynaklanmaktadır. Hastalık ile mücadelede çiçeklenme dönemindeki fungisit uygulamaları hastalığın engellenmesinde kullanılan en etkili ve yaygın yöntemdir. Ancak, B. cinerea’nın fungisitlere karşı kazandığı dayanıklılık, meyveler üzerindeki ilaç kalıntıları, fungisitlerin çevreye olumsuz etkileri ve insanların çevreye karşı duyarlılığın artmasıyla biyolojik kontrolü de içeren alternatif mücadele yöntemlerinin önemi artmıştır. Botrytis cinerea’nın fungal antagonistler ile biyolojik mücadelesinin mümkün olduğu birçok çalışma ile ortaya konmuştur. Erzincan ilinde hastalıklı çileklerden izole edilen B. cinerea S-TR-20 izolatının farklı (103, 104 ve 105 konidi/ml) konsantrasyonlarına fungal antagonistlerin (Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata (syn. Gliocladium catenulatum), C. rosea f. rosea (syn. G. roseum) ve Trichoderma asperellum) farklı (103, 104 ve 105 konidi/ml) konsantrasyonlarının etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla in vitro da bu çalışma yürütülmüştür. Yeni açmış çilek (cv. Fern) çiçekleri, içlerinde 15 ml su agarı bulunan plastik petri kaplarına bırakılmış ve petal yaprakların dip kısımları, 10 µl patojen ve antagonistlerin farklı konsantrasyonlarında hazırlanan spor süspansiyonları ile inokule edilmiştir. Çilek çiçeklerindeki hastalık şiddetleri ve hastalık kontrol değerleri inokulasyondan dört gün sonra değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, hastalık şiddeti bakımından B. cinerea’nın spor konsantrasyonları arasında istatistiki olarak önemli bir fark saptanmamıştır. C. catenulata, C. rosea ve T. asperellum’un 105 konidi/ml konsantrasyonlarının çilek çiçeklerindeki hastalık kontrol değerleri önemli bulunmuştur

Pseudomonas aeruginosa İnfeksiyonları

An overwiew of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has been covered in this rewiev article. P. aeruginosa has a significant importance in nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial resistance and new antimicrobial approaches for these infections were also rewieved in this article

Detection of Human Papillomavirus Types 16 and 18 by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Cervical Biopsy Specimens

The presence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in female genital tract correlates with an increased risk for the development of cervical dysplasia and invasive cancer. In this study histopathologically diagnosed as normal, dysplastic or neoplastic 119 paraffin embedded cervical biopsy specimens were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HPV 16 and 18 specific primers. HPV 16 and 18 were detected in 37.8% and 9.2 % of specimens respectively. HPV 16 was detected normal, mild dysplasia (CIN I), moderate-high dysplasia (CIN II-III) and carcinoma specimens with a rate of 12.5%, 19.4%, 46.3% and 83.3%, HPV 18 being 0%, 3%, 12.2% and 27.7% respectively. The percentage of HPV 16 and 18 positivity increased from normal to neoplastic cervical cells and HPV 16 was found as an important risk factor for progressing to cervical dysplasia and cancer