Implicit Bias Predicts Liking of Ingroup Members Who Are Comfortable With Intergroup Interaction.

We test a novel framework for how ingroup members are perceived during intergroup interaction. Across three experiments, we found that, above and beyond egalitarian attitudes and motivations, White observers' automatic responses to Blacks (i.e., their implicit anti-Black bias) shaped their affiliation toward ingroup targets who appeared comfortable engaging in interracial versus same-race interaction. White observers' implicit anti-Black bias negatively correlated with liking of White targets who were comfortable with Blacks (Experiments 1-3). The relationship between implicit bias and liking varied as a function of targets' nonverbal comfort in interracial interactions (Experiment 1). Specifically, implicit bias negatively correlated with liking of targets when targets' nonverbal behaviors revealed observers felt comfortable with interracial contact, irrespective of the nature of those behaviors (Experiment 2). Finally, the relationship between implicit bias and target liking was mediated by perceived similarity (Experiment 3). Theoretical implications for stigma-by-association, social network homogeneity, and extended contact are discussed

Colorado Community College student perceptions of higher-education affordability: a phenomenological study

2018 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Using a phenomenological method, this study explored the higher-education affordability perceptions of a purposively-collected group of 19 students at the pseudonymous Crestview Community College (CCC) in Colorado. The defining themes of the study were: (a) knowledge of the College Opportunity Fund (COF) program and perceptions of higher-education affordability in the Colorado context, (b) how participants learned about and implemented college selection, financing, and success strategies, (c) family finances and their impact on work and college decisions, (d) participant views on the financial aid process, and (e) benefits of attending college. The findings were: (a) the COF was not viewed as a significant source of support or well-understood as the State of Colorado's contribution to college students, (b) participants described difficulty in high school learning and implementing a college selection and financing strategy with some mitigation of those failures by key adults in their lives, (c) CCC was viewed as the default college choice because of price, location, dual credit experience, and peer recommendations, (d) family structural and financial context strongly influenced participants' perceived options and decisions regarding college selection and work, (e) participant perspectives on federal financial aid and college affordability varied drastically between Pell Grant recipients and non-recipients, (f) participants uniformly held a negative perception of student loans, and (g) participants were motivated to stay in college by hope of occupational and financial benefits and discouraged by fear of debt and post-graduation joblessness

Etude de l'incidence du nématode phytoparasite Meloidogyne javanica sur la croissance et la symbiose fixatrice d'azote de douze espèces d'Acacia (africains et australiens) et mise en évidence du rôle des symbiotes endo et ectomycorhiziens contre ce nématode

Cinq espèces d'#Acacia africains et sept espèces australiennes ont été testées quant à leur sensibilité et leur résistance vis à vis du nématode #Meloidogyne javanica. Toutes ces espèces se sont révélées hôtes de #M. javanica car présentant les galles caractéristiques de l'infestation par ce parasite. Mais le nombre de galle (indice de galles) et la croissance des plants varient en fonction de l'espèce d'#Acacia, ce qui révèle une certaine différence de comportement vis à vis du nématode. #A. hilliana, #A. holosericea, #A. mangium, #A. nilotica, #A. schlerosperma et #A. seyal sont les plus sensibles et les moins résistants alors que #A. lysiphollia, #A. raddiana, #A. senegal, #A. trachycarpa sont les plus résistants. #A. albida et #A. tumida constituent deux cas particuliers ; ce sont deux espèces résistantes et leur croissance est en plus stimulée en présence du nématode. Etant donné que les acacias sont des espèces entrant en symbiose avec des bactéries fixatrices d'azote, la croissance de ces arbres en présence du nématode a été étudiée en tenant compte de cette symbiose fixatrice d'azote qui, dans le cas présent, a été réalisée avec des bactéries indigènes. L'impact de #M. javanica sur les acacias est la résultante de deux effets antagonistes : l'effet dépressif dû à la destruction mécanique des racines par le nématode et l'effet stimulant résultant de la symbiose rhizobienne avec les bactéries indigènes. La présence du nématode peut stimuler la symbiose fixatrice d'azote (#A. albida, #A. senegal, #A. trachycarpa et éventuellement #A. lysiphollia ou l'induire #A. tumida et #A. hilliana), mais peut également inhiber cette symbiose comme c'est le cas chez #A. holosericea, #A. seyal, #A. mangium et #A. nilotica. Cependant, chez #A. schlerosperma et #A. raddiana$, la présence du nématode n'a aucun effet sur la symbiose fixatrice d'azote... (D'après résumé d'auteur

Аналитический метод решения нестационарных дифференциальных игр сближения

Досліджено ігрову задачу зближення для нестаціонарних динамічних процесів, що функціонують в умовах невизначеності та протидії. При цьому термінальна множина представляє собою циліндричне багатозначне відображення. На основі методу розв’язуючих функцій отримано достатні умови завершення гри в класі квазі- та стробоскопічних стратегій для різних схем методу. Проведено порівняння гарантованих часів. Результати ілюструються на моделі з інтегральним блоком керування та ігрових задачах з простим рухом.The game problem of pursuit is studied for dynamic processes evolving under uncertainty and counteraction. The terminal set is supposed to be a cylindrical set-valued mapping. The method of resolving functions is used to derive the sufficient conditions for the game termination in the class of quasi- and stroboscopic strategies for various schemes of the method. The guaranteed times are compared. The results are illustrated using the model with integral control unit and game problems with simple motion

First report of mango malformation disease caused by Fusarium tupiense in Senegal

Article PurchasedMango (Mangifera indica L.) is an economically important export crop for Senegal, producing about 100,000 tons of fruit annually. In April 2009, severe outbreaks of a new disorder occurred in mango orchards in the southeastern part of Casamance. Diseased plants showed abnormal growth of vegetative shoots with short thickened internodes and malformed inflorescence with short leaves interspersed among thickened sterile flowers that aborted early. These symptoms resembled those caused by mango malformation disease (4). To identify the causal agent, floral and vegetative samples from symptomatic mango plants were collected from Kolda district (12°53' N, 14°56' W). Malformed tissues were cut into 4-mm2 pieces, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 2 min, dried, and plated on the Fusarium isolation medium Peptone PCNB Agar (PPA) (2). Fungal growth with Fusarium morphology were transferred on PPA and further purified on water agar as single spore isolates. Cultures were identified on the basis of spore characters on carnation leaf agar and colony morphology on PDA (2). Two isolates (I4 and I17) were similar to F. mangiferae/F. sterilihyphosum/F. tupiense complex (3). Macroconidia were slender, slightly falcate, three- to five-septate, 18.5 to 27.7 × 1.1 to 2.3 μm with slightly curved apical cell produced on cream to orange sporodochia. Microconidia were single-celled, oval, 3.7 to 13.6 × 0.75 to 1.1 μm produced on mono- and polyphialides in false heads. Chlamydospores were absent. To confirm the identity, genomic DNA was isolated from pure cultures of I4 and I17, used for amplification of portion of translation elongation factor (TEF-1α). Amplified products (241 bp) were purified and sequenced in both directions (GenBank Accession Nos. JX272929 and JX272930). A BLASTn search revealed 100% sequence identity with F. tupiense (DQ452860), 99% identity with F. mangiferae (HM135531) and F. sterilihyphosum (DQ452858) from Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the Clustalw alignment of TEF-1α sequences clustered I4 and I17 isolates with F. tupiense (3). To confirm Koch's postulates, 2-year-old healthy mango seedlings var. Keitt and Kent (12 plants each) were inoculated by placing 20 μl conidial suspension (5 × 107 conidia ml–1) on micro-wounds created in apical and lateral buds. Inoculated buds were covered with filter paper soaked in the same spore suspension (1). Seedlings inoculated similarly with sterile distilled water served as control. Seven months after the inoculation, typical malformation symptoms were observed on vegetative parts on all inoculated plants, but not on control plants. F. tupiense was reisolated from symptomatic shoots of inoculated plants. Based on the morphological characteristics, sequence analysis, and pathogenicity test, the pathogen of mango malformation in Senegal was identified as F. tupiense (3). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed record in Senegal of mango malformation caused by F. tupiense. This disease is a serious threat to mango production and trade of Senegal. Urgent actions are necessary to stop this emerging epidemic that can spread to other countries in West Africa