Comparison of the Effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane General Anaesthesia after Induction by Propofol on Clinical and Physiological Measurements in Calves

Background: In veterinary surgical operations for cats and dogs, inhalation anaesthesia is known to be a good option for general anaesthesia in long operations or emergency cases. Studies have revealed that during inhalation anaesthesia, the heart and respiratory functions of the animals are more stable compared to injectable anaesthesia. However, there are few studies performed with the use of inhalation anaesthesia in ruminants. In this research, the goal is to evaluate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane after induction with propofol in calves based on clinical and physiological parameters and to find a more reliable strategy for general anaesthesia in ruminants.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was carried out on 30 calves, from new-born up to 3-months-old, undergoing surgery operation. Each group consisted of 15 animals that were divided as isoflurane and sevoflurane. For premedication, atropine was administered at a dose of 0.04 mg/kgvia subcutaneous injection in calves. For induction, 15 min after atropine application, propofol was given at 5-6 mg/kgvia intravenous infusion. Then, endotracheal intubation was performed and inhalation anaesthesia began at 5 min after induction. In the isoflurane group, the onset of anaesthesia concentration was set to 3-5% and the maintenance was set to a concentration of 1.5-3%. In the sevoflurane group, the onset of anaesthesia concentration was set to 5-7% and the maintenance was set to a concentration of 2.5-4%. To monitor the calves, the heart rate (HR), the pulse rate (PR), the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the respiratory rate (RR), the rectal temperature (RT) and the electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements were recorded before anaesthesia, the premedication, the induction periods, at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after the onset of inhalation anaesthesia during the operation period. Blood samples were taken before anaesthesia, premedication, induction periods, at 30 and 75 min during the operation and the red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, the amount of haemoglobin (HGB), the haematocrit concentration (HCT), and the platelet (PLT) count were evaluated. Based on the findings, isoflurane and sevoflurane suppressed the cardiovascular system minimally. Both anaesthetic agents caused decreases that did not exceed the physiological limits compared to the measurements taken before the initiation of anaesthesia. Although no significant differences were detected between the groups (P > 0.05) at clinical parameters, the RT differences were regarded as statistically significant according to the measurements that were taken before anaesthesia at all measurement times (P < 0.05). In both groups, the changes that occurred in the P wave, the PR interval, and in the QRS, R and T waves remained within the reference values given in the literature. Both anaesthetic agents have similar effects on the ECG. The dramatic no changes throughout anaesthesia in terms of the amount of HGB and HCT, the RBC, the WBC, and the PLT were not statistically significant, which may be associated with good tissue perfusion.Discussion: Since no serious complications occurred with either anaesthetic option, we have concluded that isoflurane and sevoflurane have similar effects on the cardiopulmonary systems of calves. In addition, the effects of propofol, which is used for induction, have been evaluated and observed and this drug is an effective and reliable option to initiate inhalation anaesthesia. The research on the use of this anaesthetic in calves is limited and most of the existing studies investigated its combination with injectable anaesthetics. As a result, in this research, we concluded that isoflurane and sevoflurane induce similar physiological measurement results, blood parameters, and ECG results and that both anaesthetics cause minimal complications

Effects on the Lipid Peroxidation and the Antioxidant Defense Systems of the Use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane in Calves Undergoing Surgery

Background: Incoming anaesthesia created by the use of many drugs with different physicochemical properties is a source of stress and trauma for the body. This event increases the oxidative response and changes the balance between oxidant/antioxidant capacity in the organism in favor of oxidant capacity. This situation is defined as oxidative stress. For these reasons, studies are conducted to determine the effects of general anaesthetic agents on oxidant and antioxidant systems in the organism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane used for general anaesthesia in humans and animals on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in calves.Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 14 calves of different breeds, ages, sexes, and weighing, average 2 weeks old. The cases randomly were divided into 2 groups, the isoflurane group (group I), and the sevoflurane group (group II), and each group included 7 animals. Before general anaesthesia, 0.04 mg/kg atropine was administered intramuscularly to all animals for premedication. At 15 min after atropine administration, isoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in group I, and sevoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 5-7% in group II, via a face mask for 15 min for the induction of anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed in all cases at the 15min of the induction period following the onset of general anaesthesia symptoms. After the induction, anaesthesia was continued at an inspiratory concentration of 1.5-3% in the isoflurane group and inspiratory concentration of 2.5-4% in the sevoflurane group. Blood samples were taken just before anaesthesia, just before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery, and at the 24h postoperatively. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured spectrophotometrically in samples. In group I, MDA and antioxidant parameters SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH did not observe a significant change in their concentrations through the study (P > 0.05). In group II, MDA value decreased significantly before incision (P 0.05). During the study, a statistically insignificant increase was observed in the concentrations of CAT, GSH-Px, GSH compared to pre-anaesthesia (P > 0.05). Pre-anaesthesia values of all measured biochemical parameters did not differ significantly between groups (P > 0.05). Before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery, and at the 24h postoperatively MDA was lower (P 0.05). Discussion: An important advantage of sevoflurane compared to currently available anaesthetics is that it provides rapid induction due to its low solubility in blood and tissues, and rapid recovery due to its low solubility in fat. This feature is proof that the side effects of sevoflurane anaesthesia are minimal. The findings of this study show that sevoflurane exposure decreases lipid peroxidation and enhances antioxidant defense. The potential effect of sevoflurane on oxidative stress may lead to its preferred clinical use of sevoflurane compared to isoflurane

Effects of Flunixin Meglumine on Oxidant and Antioxidant System after Disbudding with Caustic Paste in Calves

Background: Disbudding is often practiced in modern farm because of the reasons for the safekeeping of the animal, other animals lessen the risk of injury and less aggressive behavior. Without regard to the method of disbudding leads to disruption behavioral changes, cardiac and endocrine responses related pain of animals. Sedation, local anesthesia and analgesia are performed studies in order to eliminate of cardiac, endocrine, behavioral response which is caused by pain associated with disbudding. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect on the oxidant and antioxidant system in the calves of disbudding by using the caustic paste with and without painkiller.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The animal material of the study was created 24 Simmentals calves in different sexes on average 2 weeks (± 2 days) and 50 kg (± 15 kg) live weight. The cases were randomly divided into 2 groups of 12 calves in each group. In the group I (analgesia group); caustic paste+painkiller (2.2 mg-1 flunixin meglumine intravenous, IV) and group II (non-analgesia group); as disbudding applied with caustic pasta application only were divided into 2 groups. In the I group, 15th min before the application, flunixin meglumine at a dose of 2.2 mg-1 was administered IV and the horn blunting was performed by caustic paste method. Blood samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60th min after completion of horn blunting and physiological findings were recorded. In group II, the horns of the calves were disbudding with the same technique (but no analgesia aplication). Blood samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60th min after completion of horn blunting and physiological findings were record. Cortisol, glucose, total oxidant capacity (TOC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes measurements (ELISA) were performed in both groups. TOC and TAC tests were used to determine the oxidative stress index in the obtained serum, 8-OHdG measurement which is the most sensitive and most frequent oxidative DNA damage indicator for determination of oxidative damage; GSH, SOD enzymes were analyzed by ELISA using commercial kit for the evaluation of antioxidant potential. For evaluation of pain in animals, cortisol (ELISA) and glucose level in serum were measured with ELISA by using commercial kit. In the group without flunixin meglumine, cortisol was increased significantly from the 15th min (P &lt; 0.05), but there was no increase in the 30 and 60th min in painkiller administered group. Glucose levels were higher in the group not using painkillers than those used at 15th (P &lt; 0.001) and 30, 60th min (P &lt; 0.05). TOC (P &lt; 0.001) and 8-OHdG (P &lt; 0.05) values were significantly higher in the group without painkiller while TAC, GSH and SOD levels (P &lt; 0.05) were significantly decreased.Discussion: It has been observed that sedation (such as xylazine) and local anesthesia (such as lidocaine) use removed pain-induced stress in the disbudding with caustic paste in calves. However, in order to remove the endocrine response, it is necessary to combine the anesthesia protocol with the analgesic (such as flunixin meglumine) combination. According to our results concluded that the painkiller given before the disbudding process was supporting the antioxidant system, reducing the level of cortisol and oxidative stress

Comparison of Use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane for Anaesthesia Induced by Mask in Calves

Background: Inhalation anaesthesia is an effective and reliable general anaesthesia method for inactivity, analgesia, and unconsciousness in extensive surgical procedures. Although widely used, especially in small animals, there are very few studies investigated the reliability and superiority of inhalation anaesthesia in surgical procedures for ruminants. This study intended to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in different surgical cases with endotracheal intubation following the induction of anaesthesia using a calve-specific facemask, which is not yet a routine option in cattle.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 14 calves, from new-born up to 3 months-old, that undergoing various surgical operations. The animals were divided into isoflurane and sevoflurane groups, and each group contained 7 animals. In all cases, atropine (0.04 mg/kg was administered intramusculer as premedication before 15 min from anaesthesia induction. For induction, the anaesthetic agent was given at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in the isoflurane group and at an inspiratory concentration of 5 - 7% in the sevoflurane group during 5 min via mask at 15min after atropine administration. In both groups, endotracheal intubation was performed (about 1-3 min) after of general anaesthesia symptoms starting. At 5min after induction, anaesthesia was continued at 1.5 - 3% in the isoflurane group and at 2.5 - 4% in the sevoflurane group during operation. The animals were monitored during anaesthesia and,  anaesthetic effect, reaction of the calve, pronounced side effects, Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure (SABP), Diastolic Arterial Blood Pressure (DABP), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP), Respiration Rate (RR), Pulse Rate (PR), Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) were recorded at before anaesthesia, the premedication period, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90min of anaesthesia. During anaesthesia, from the clinical parameters, mucosal capillary refilling time was evaluated by applying finger pressure to the oral mucosa. Mucous membrane color was determined by observing the oral mucosa. The time for palpebral reflex and swallowing reflex disappearance was measured and processed into individual forms. Anaesthesia induction and reanimation times were determined and recorded in the forms. After the operation, the return of the swallowing reflex and the time to stand up were recorded. During the operation, urination, defecation, salivation, vomiting, animal reactions, the shape and duration of the reamination period were recorded. In the isoflurane group anaesthesia induction was 3.71 ± 0.28 min, head movements started and came to the sterno- abdominal position at 4.57 ± 0.36 min, got up at 8.71 ± 0.42 min without assistance, meanwhile. In sevoflurane group, anaesthesia induction was 2.57 ± 0.20 min, head movements started and came to the sterno- abdominal position at 3.86 ± 0.40 min, the time to stand up was determined as 6.43 ± 0.29 min. During anaesthesia, HR, SABP, DABP, MABP, RR, PR, SpO2 findings were within physiological acceptable limits in 2 groups. In terms of indicators, there were no obvious differences in either group. The results revealed no significant difference between groups during anaesthesia.Discussion: The isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia used in this study provided an adequate anaesthetic effect in calves characterized by adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation without any complications. The results of our study revealed that there was no significant difference between isoflurane and sevoflurane in calves. Both anaesthetic agents can be used safely for general anaesthesia in calves

Calves with Arthritis - Changes in Antioxidant Parameters

Background: In a healthy organism, oxidants and antioxidants are in balance. However, in cases such as inflammation, infection, and stress, this balance is disrupted in favor of oxidants, creating oxidative stress that can cause damage to cells or tissues. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance, especially in inflammatory diseases, plays an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and developing treatment strategies. This study, it was aimed to reveal the oxidant status in inflammatory disease of calves with septic and aseptic arthritis. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The material of the study consisted of 21 calves up to 2 months old, of different races and genders, 14 (9 male, 5 female) with arthritis and 7 healthy (control, 5 male, 2 female). Of the calves with arthritis, 11 were septic and 3 were acute aseptic. In the calves with arthritis, the affected joint or joints were determined by clinical examinations. By palpating the joints, swelling, local temperature increase, tension in the joint capsule, presence of pain, and the presence and severity of lameness were examined. The color, clarity, viscosity, odor, and clot formation of the synovial fluid were examined and determined to be septic or aseptic. To determine the antioxidant status, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most important oxidative stress marker, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), which are the enzymatic antioxidant enzymes, were measured spectrophotometrically in serum samples. Vitamin E, C, and A levels, which are nonenzymatic antioxidants, were also measured colorimetrically. In the clinical examination, lameness was detected in the relevant extremity of all patients with arthritis. In the macroscopic examination of the synovial fluids taken from animals with arthritis, the colors of the synovial fluids varied between yellow and yellow tones in 11 cases; in 3 cases, it was determined that they were red and brown. It was observed that the colors of the synovial fluids were transparent in the subjects in the control group. It was observed that the synovial fluid clarity of the calves with arthritis was lost, with severe turbidity (+++) in 3 cases, moderately turbid (++) in 6 cases, slightly turbid (+) in 2 cases, and clear (-) in 3 cases. It was observed that the viscosity of synovial fluid taken from calves with arthritis decreased in varying degrees according to the severity of the disease, severe (+++) in 5 cases, moderately decreased (++) in 4 cases, slightly decreased (+) in 2 cases, and normal in 3 cases. It was determined that the viscosity of the synovial fluid taken from the calves in the control group was normal. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MDA (P &lt; 0.01), SOD (P &lt; 0.01), GSH-Px (P &lt; 0.05), vitamin E (P &lt; 0.001), and vitamin C (P &lt; 0.01), while MDA levels increased in calves with arthritis, SOD and GSH-Px activities and vitamin E and C levels decreased significantly. Although there was no statistically significant difference in CAT (P &gt; 0.05) enzyme activity, it was determined that it was at a lower level in calves with arthritis, and there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of vitamin A (P &gt; 0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the study, there is an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant status in calves with arthritis. It is thought that these changes may be due to efforts to reduce tissue damage by reducing lipid peroxidation. As a result, it was determined that oxidant and antioxidant balance was impaired in calves with arthritis, and oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation developed due to the increase in free radicals. It is thought that giving additional antioxidants to the calves may contribute to the recovery of the disease and reduce treatment costs. Keywords: arthritis, antioxidant, calve

Effects of Flunixin Meglumine on Oxidant and Antioxidant System after Disbudding with Caustic Paste in Calves

Background: Disbudding is often practiced in modern farm because of the reasons for the safekeeping of the animal, other animals lessen the risk of injury and less aggressive behavior. Without regard to the method of disbudding leads to disruption behavioral changes, cardiac and endocrine responses related pain of animals. Sedation, local anesthesia and analgesia are performed studies in order to eliminate of cardiac, endocrine, behavioral response which is caused by pain associated with disbudding. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect on the oxidant and antioxidant system in the calves of disbudding by using the caustic paste with and without painkiller.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The animal material of the study was created 24 Simmentals calves in different sexes on average 2 weeks (± 2 days) and 50 kg (± 15 kg) live weight. The cases were randomly divided into 2 groups of 12 calves in each group. In the group I (analgesia group); caustic paste+painkiller (2.2 mg-1 flunixin meglumine intravenous, IV) and group II (non-analgesia group); as disbudding applied with caustic pasta application only were divided into 2 groups. In the I group, 15th min before the application, flunixin meglumine at a dose of 2.2 mg-1 was administered IV and the horn blunting was performed by caustic paste method. Blood samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60th min after completion of horn blunting and physiological findings were recorded. In group II, the horns of the calves were disbudding with the same technique (but no analgesia aplication). Blood samples were taken at 15, 30 and 60th min after completion of horn blunting and physiological findings were record. Cortisol, glucose, total oxidant capacity (TOC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes measurements (ELISA) were performed in both groups. TOC and TAC tests were used to determine the oxidative stress index in the obtained serum, 8-OHdG measurement which is the most sensitive and most frequent oxidative DNA damage indicator for determination of oxidative damage; GSH, SOD enzymes were analyzed by ELISA using commercial kit for the evaluation of antioxidant potential. For evaluation of pain in animals, cortisol (ELISA) and glucose level in serum were measured with ELISA by using commercial kit. In the group without flunixin meglumine, cortisol was increased significantly from the 15th min (P &lt; 0.05), but there was no increase in the 30 and 60th min in painkiller administered group. Glucose levels were higher in the group not using painkillers than those used at 15th (P &lt; 0.001) and 30, 60th min (P &lt; 0.05). TOC (P &lt; 0.001) and 8-OHdG (P &lt; 0.05) values were significantly higher in the group without painkiller while TAC, GSH and SOD levels (P &lt; 0.05) were significantly decreased.Discussion: It has been observed that sedation (such as xylazine) and local anesthesia (such as lidocaine) use removed pain-induced stress in the disbudding with caustic paste in calves. However, in order to remove the endocrine response, it is necessary to combine the anesthesia protocol with the analgesic (such as flunixin meglumine) combination. According to our results concluded that the painkiller given before the disbudding process was supporting the antioxidant system, reducing the level of cortisol and oxidative stress

The protective role of jervine against radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.

In this study, we investigated whether jervine (J) could prevent gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of abdominopelvic radiotherapy (RT) in Wistar-Albino female rats. Rats were divided into five groups: control (C), J only (J), J administered at 5 mg/kg/days for 7 days, RT only (RT), J before RT (J + RT), J administered for seven days before RT, J both before and after RT (J + RT + J), and J administered for 7 days before RT and after RT for 3 days. The weights of rats were measured on the 1st, 7th, and 10th days of the study. Rats were sacrificed to obtain tissues from the liver and intestine, which was followed by taking blood samples intracardially. In addition, the tissues were stained with pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) immunohistochemically. In our study, J supplementation markedly reduced weight loss, and histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical results suggest that J had a protective effect on GI toxicity following RT