On a possible EPR experiment with Bd0Bd0ˉB^{0}_{d}\bar{B^{0}_{d}} pairs

A very general local realistic theory of single $B^{0}_{d}$ mesons and of correlated $B^{0}_{d}\bar{B^{0}_{d}}$ pairs is formulated. If these pairs are produced in the $\Upsilon (4S)$ decay, the local realistic asymmetry for observing pairs with like and unlike flavour at different proper times remarkably differs from the quantum mechanical prediction. Asymmetric B-factories provide a powerful tool for the study of the EPR problem since the relative detection experiments are shown to be capable of a time-dependent measurement precise enough to discriminate between local realism and quantum theory.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure

Quels psychologues ? Une profession imaginée d'une génération à l'autre

International audienceDepuis les années 2000 la question du prolongement de l'adolescence et de l'entrée dans la vie adulte fait l'objet d'études dans les sciences sociales, notamment dans la perspective Emerging Adulthood (Arnett, 2000; Selleri & Carugati, 2011): notion qui réactualise la notion classique de " moratorium " (Erickson, 1950). D'autre part le choix d'une faculté universitaire s'avère d'une importance majeure, compte tenu que ce choix (âge d'entrée : 19 ans) se situe justement dans une période de réorganisation de l'identité personnelle et notamment de construction d'une identité professionnelle. Comprendre quelles sont les images actuelles de la profession de psychologue s'avère donc intéressant par rapport à cette dynamique identitaire. En nous inspirant d'une recherche sur les images de la profession menée dans les années 1980 (Palmonari, 1980), un échantillon de 1400 étudiants italiens (12 Universités) en première année de licence en psychologie a été étudié. Nous avons repris les contenus imagés saillants de la recherche princeps (psychothérapeute, libéro-professionnel, expert interdisciplinaire, clinicien éclectique, activiste politique) intégrés par les profils de cinq Masters en psychologie, proposés par la Faculté de Psychologie de Bologna (psychologie cognitive appliquée; psychologie du travail et des organisations; neuropsychologie et réhabilitation, psychologie scolaire et communautaire). Trente ans après, les images d'une identité professionnelle de psychologue clinico-thérapeute se perpétuent (moyenne sur une échelle 1-7: thérapeute 5,08 ; médiateur 5.08 ; rogersien 5,38; vs. activiste psycho-social 2,42), images confirmées par les choix des profils de Master centrés davantage sur la clinique (moyenne sur une échelle 1-7 : 5,10), la neuro-réhabilitation (4,91), la psychologie cognitive appliquée (4,30), par rapport à la psychologie scolaire et communautaire (4,04) et à la psychologie du travail et des organisations (3,74). Ces représentations identitaires, fortement partagées, sont confirmées du fait qu'aucune des variables socio-culturelles (université d'appartenance, indices socio-culturels ; note finale au baccalauréat) ne donne des différences significatives. Le choix d'un curriculum de Psychologie et le partage d'une image clinico-thérapeute peuvent être interprétés comme la quête d'une identité professionnelle encore socialement reconnaissable et reconnue dans le milieu culturel italien

The Juridical Communities of Apulia: Communal Identity and Municipal Belonging in the Aragonese Kingdom of Naples

This study intends to make a contribution to the debate concerning Jewish citizenship in Renaissance Europe by suggesting that de jure status does not provide sufficient information on the municipal belonging of individuals and groups. Citizenship in Renaissance Italy was an equivocal concept. Political rights were usually granted on the basis of wealth and “respectability” (measured in terms of lineage, and education). Jews, women, the poor, and “debased” groups may have not enjoyed such rights; nonetheless they were part of the social, economic, and cultural life of the Renaissance city. Municipal belonging is better assessed by individuals’ de facto enjoyment of municipal rights, shared vernacular language, utilization and appropriation of public space as one’s own, and adherence to local norms. Individuals who shared these features constituted a juridical community. Jews of terra di Bari, for example, voted in the public square, lived in the center of town in open quarters, spoke Apulian vernacular languages, and used public notaries and gentile courts often adhering to the Lombard norms that veined the legal culture of the land. This means that Jews were not a permanent parallel society; instead, they were embedded into the municipal juridical of the Kingdom of Naples. This study suggests that citizenship is an imperfect concept because its definition was subject to constant negotiation, and it varied through time and space. Municipal belonging can be bettered assessed by imagining the existence of Juridical Communities. In fact, their members are defined by cultural paramenters as expressed in the pragmatic solutions they adopted to cope with specific local conditions. For example, Jewish women of Bari adopted strategies to protect their interests in a male dominated society that were closer to those of their Christian neighbors than to those adopted by Ashkenazi women in Northern Italy. Regardless of their de jure status Christians and Jews of Apulia who adopted similar strategies in the protection of wealth, transfer of property, and communal administration belonged to a specific juridical community because their worldview was informed by a common legal culture

Synchronization Gauges and the Principles of Special Relativity

The axiomatic bases of Special Relativity Theory (SRT) are thoroughly re-examined from an operational point of view, with particular emphasis on the status of Einstein synchronization in the light of the possibility of arbitrary synchronization procedures in inertial reference frames. Once correctly and explicitly phrased, the principles of SRT allow for a wide range of `theories' that differ from the standard SRT only for the difference in the chosen synchronization procedures, but are wholly equivalent to SRT in predicting empirical facts. This results in the introduction, in the full background of SRT, of a suitable synchronization gauge. A complete hierarchy of synchronization gauges is introduced and elucidated, ranging from the useful Selleri synchronization gauge (which should lead, according to Selleri, to a multiplicity of theories alternative to SRT) to the more general Mansouri-Sexl synchronization gauge and, finally, to the even more general Anderson-Vetharaniam-Stedman's synchronization gauge. It is showed that all these gauges do not challenge the SRT, as claimed by Selleri, but simply lead to a number of formalisms which leave the geometrical structure of Minkowski spacetime unchanged. Several aspects of fundamental and applied interest related to the conventional aspect of the synchronization choice are discussed, encompassing the issue of the one-way velocity of light on inertial and rotating reference frames, the GPS's working, and the recasting of Maxwell equations in generic synchronizations. Finally, it is showed how the gauge freedom introduced in SRT can be exploited in order to give a clear explanation of the Sagnac effect for counter-propagating matter beams.Comment: 56 pages, 3 eps figures, invited paper; to appear in Foundations of Physics (Special Issue to honor Prof. Franco Selleri on his 70th birthday