The Nature of Time - A 21st Century View

This article is a logical analysis of historical records and reaches conclusions that are original. Prior to 1905 it was generally believed that the universe had always existed. The exact age of Earth was not known. The luminiferous æther theory explained how light was able to propagate through empty space. In 1930 Alfred Korzybski published his book “Science and Sanity”. In it he originated his aphorism —The Map is not the Territory. Reality consists of physical reality — the territory— and observed reality — the map. The Rossi-Hall experiment demonstrated that time dilation occurs physically and cannot be observed directly. The universe came into existence when the big bang occurred. When photons came into being, time came into being. All mechanisms for measuring time experience time dilation. The big bang caused major changes to science’s understanding of the nature of the universe. The speed of a photon through space equals a Planck length divided by a Planck time. We don’t really measure time, what we measure is the effect that time has on the instruments used to measure time. Everything; in Relative Time is based on observers. If you remove all references to observers from either Special Relativity or Spacetime there is almost nothing left. When the concepts of relative time were originated, no thought was given to the possibility that time might consist of both observed time and physical time. Photons — and the resulting time — came into existence with the big bang The movement of photons thru spacetime constitutes absolute time Without events, nothing happens. Every event has a frame of reference. ‘Now’ can occur in physical time and in observed time. A physical event always results in a physical ‘now’. Every event must have a frame of reference. Objects that move through space experience time dilation but they do not observe it. The observation of each observer is unique for that observer and need not be the same as either the actual event itself or the observation of another observer. Each observer has his/her own observed ‘now’ which occurs in observer’s frame of reference. The duration of an observation has no direct relationship to the duration of the event nor need it have the same duration as that of another observer. Each observer has her/his own frame of reference. Time dilation is an aspect of physical time, not of observed time. Observers have no way of knowing that they are experiencing time dilation. The Lorentz transformation factor ‘?’ is computed by dividing ‘v2’ which is a vector by ‘c2’ which is scalar. Both terms should be scalar.  Both ‘v’ and ‘c’ use clocks to determine their value and all clocks are subject to time dilation. The Lorentz transaction is supposed to measure ‘?’ but ‘?’ is an element of the calculation

Measuring Time

The speed of light is an absolute, the measurement of the speed of light is not an absolute. According to Special Relativity, the rate at which a clock ticks is a function of the speed at which it is travelling through space; the faster the speed, the slower the rate. This is called time dilation. Time dilation is a function of the speed of an object through space. The faster an object is travelling the greater the time dilation. Because of time dilation, we are unable to measure the absolute speed of an object through space. We do not actually measure time. Instead we have instruments which measure the physical characteristics of instruments which are affected by time.  We then interpret these physical characteristics and this interpretation becomes our measurement of time. Our body is one of the instruments we use to measure time, but we also use various clocks. Time is not a characteristic of the universe; it is a construct which can be defined to have any value we choose. If we could establish a stationary point in space, it would be possible to: measure the absolute speed of light. measure the absolute speed through space of any moving object. establish a clock for absolute time. It might be theoretically possible to establish such a point, as follows: Assume a space station, located at a Lagrange point. Modify the speed of the space station through space for the x, y and z axes to maximize the speed of light. The location of the space station when the speed of light was maximized would be at a stationary point in space

The Student Movement Volume 105 Issue 2: Clubs Fare Well: Clubs Preserve Community During COVID

NEWS Clubs, Clubs, Clubs Galore, Taylor Uphus The Andreasen Center for Wellness Reopening, Amanda Cho Danielle Pilgrim Delivers Inspiring Message, Terika Williams PULSE Planning University Club Events Amidst a Pandemic, Masy Domecillo Research at the Science Complex During COVID-19, Jessica Rim Socializing During a Pandemic: Freshmen Perspectives, Interviewed by Wambui Karanja HUMANS BSCF Club Spotlight, Interviewed by TJ Hunter Distance Learning Student Interview, Sydney Saint-Jean Meet Lamson Hall\u27s Newest Dean, Interviewed by Pearl Parker Spiritual Leadership During COVID-19, Interviewed by Terika Williams ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT More Apples to Byte, Hannah Cruse Playing Out the Pandemic: Our Orchestras Dealing with COVID, Megan Napod Signal Boost: The Domino Effect, Pearl Parker Virtual Game Night: A Virtual Reality, Joshua Deonarine IDEAS How Climate Change is Fueling the West Coast Fires, Lyle Goulbourne Ideas That Heal Us: So You Think You\u27re Self-Aware, Evin N. Musgrove THE LAST WORD What am I Applying for & Who am I?, Daniel Selfhttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-105/1002/thumbnail.jp

Tourism and Infant-Directed Aggression in Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China

Previous studies of habituated Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China demonstrated the negative impact that some tourism management strategies had on monkeys\u27 annual infant mortality, but data on precise causes and perpetrators of infant injuries were not available. We worked at the same site and recorded rates of aggression that older monkeys directed toward group infants as a function of tourist numbers and proximity. We found a negative correlation between the number of people on the viewing platform and the frequency of monkeys\u27 aggression toward the group\u27s infants, but the effect is slight. We noted that infant-directed aggression (IDA) was more likely to occur in the provisioning zone where tourists bounded the monkeys on two sides, despite the fact that infants spent very little time in that location. The alpha and beta males engaged in more IDA than expected, while the other three adult males, adult females, and juveniles exhibited less IDA than expected. Males\u27 IDA included biting, chasing, grabbing, and pushing. Adult females bit and grabbed mostly their own infants in the contexts of punishment and weaning. Juveniles\u27 IDA was uncommon and consisted mostly of open-mouth threats. To minimize the severity and frequency of male-toinfant IDA, we recommend that sections of the tourist viewing platform be closed off so that tourists do not surround the monkeys, particularly when infants are near the viewing platforms and tourist numbers are few. The rule against tourists feeding monkeys should also be strictly enforced, so that altercations between the highest-ranked males and other group members, particularly infants, are less likely to occur