Better off out Memorandum to opinion formers from Lord Pearson of Rannoch

Lord Pearson, Member, Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, 1992-96SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:m00/35445 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply Centre2. ed.GBUnited Kingdo

CONTAINING REFORM: THE UK STANCE ON THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ElA DIRECTIVE

After a decade's deliberation, the European Community EIA Directive bccomes operative on July 3, 1988. Member states spent 7 years refining the proposals and were given 3 years to devise implementation procedures. In this paper the attempt by the UK government to contain the impact of the Directive on domestic policy is reviewed. While the UK government was successful in eroding many provisions during formulation, it has been prevented from exempting many projects from mandatory EIA in its im- plementation procedures. The most significant reform is that many projects are subject to formal EIA for the first time. Copyright 1988 by The Policy Studies Organization.

The role of law in the control of obesity in England : looking at the contribution of law to a healthy food culture

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article is available from: http://www.anzhealthpolicy.com/content/5/1/21 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8462-5-21Obesity levels in England are significantly higher than in much of the rest of Europe. This article examines aspects of the physical and cultural context of food consumption in England, and the evolution of government policy on obesity, as a background to an analysis of how law might play a role in obesity prevention. Research suggests that individual food choices are associated with cultural and socio-economic circumstances and that they can be manipulated by advertising, food packaging and presentation. This suggests that there might be ways of using law to manage the influences on food choices, and of using law in support of strategies to redirect food choices towards healthy food products. Law is a particularly useful tool in the protection of the individual against the economic power of the food industry, and there is much that law can do to change the physical, economic and social environment of food consumption.Peer reviewe

Implementation of the European Municipal Waste Incineration Directive (89/429/EEC): Lessons From Four Member States

Researchers and policy‐makers accept that implementation decisively influences the effectiveness of European (EU) environmental policy. Member states follow a variety of compliance (or non‐compliance) paths. Whilst in a few leading states domestic legislation tends to pre‐empt EU controls, implementation gaps and policy failures are also prevalent. What are the reasons for these differences? Why do member states follow different compliance paths? Why do implementation gaps and policy failures occur? What factors can explain the different policy outcomes achieved? What lessons can be drawn for the future? This paper addresses these questions through a comparative analysis of the implementation of the European Directive on the Reduction of Air Pollution from Existing Municipal Waste Incineration Plants (89/429/EEC) in four Member States: Germany, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom. Monitoring and enforcement are found to have only limited explanatory power. National contextual variables, such as public and political environmental awareness, interactions both with environmental and non‐environmental policies, regulatory anticipation and uncertainty, the degree of autonomy and scope of regulatory agencies and the industrial and market structure of the regulated industry, must also be considered. On the basis of this analysis a number of conclusions are derived for the future design of environmental policies