チュウカン ゲンゴ ノ カセキカ ト ダイニゲンゴ シュウトクノ メカニズム

本研究は第二言語習得過程に見られる中間言語の化石化現象を分析することを通じて、第二言語習得のメカニズムを明らかにしようとしたものである。 研究は韓国語母語話者の日本語学習者を被験者として、共起する格助詞に化石化が起こりやすい、可能動詞、「上手・下手」、「好き・嫌い」、動詞のタイ形に共起する格助詞を縦断的に調査して行なった。その結果、可能動詞や動詞タイ形では、ヲ格共起が長引き、化石化が起きやすいのに対して、「上手・下手」、「好き・嫌い」 では化石化が起こりにくく、 比較的容易にヲ格共起はガ格共起へ移行した。 化石化を引き起こす原因としては、認知的な要因が考えられる。認知的な要因とは第一言語と第二言語の認知的なスキーマの違いであるが、とりわけ他動的スキーマと自動的スキーマの違いは第二言語習得にあたってスキーマの転換を難しくし、習得を遅らせている。スキーマの転換には第一言語と第二言語との間に類似性を見いだすことが役に立つものと推察される。The purpose of this study is to investigate the SLA mechanism through the analysis of fossilization (stabilization) of interlanguage. I examined how native Korean speakers who studied Japanese acquired the usage of case particle -ga when used with possible verbs "jozu (be good at) / heta (be poor at)," "suki (like) / kirai (dislike)," and -tai (want to) form of verbs. According to my research, in the case of possible verbs and -tai form of verbs, incorrect usage of -wo continued for a longer time and fossilization occurred earlier. On the other hand, in the case of "jozu / heta" and "suki / kirai," the transformation,which is the correct usage of -ga particle,took place easily and smoothly because fossilization did not occur very often nor remain long. One possible cause of fossilization is a cognitive factor that learners use in the process of acquisition. This factor comes from the acquisitive schema difference, especially, the difference between intransitive and transitive verbs, which makes schema transformation and language learning more difficult and slower. The identifying similarities between the first language and the second language might be useful for a successful schema change

WALLABY pilot survey: HI gas in Hydra cluster

VizieR online Data Catalogue associated with article published in journal Astronomical Journal (AAS) with title 'WALLABY pilot survey: the diversity of ram pressure stripping of the Galactic HI gas in the Hydra cluster.' (bibcode: 2021ApJ...915...70W

CSES Module 3 Full Release

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: most important issues of election; candidates competencies to deal with most important issues; difference who is in power and who people vote for; evaluation of governments performance; party and leader that represent respondent´s view best; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; differences of choice options; campaign involvement; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary partie