Telomere length and genetic anticipation in lynch syndrome

Telomere length variation has been associated with increased risk of several types of tumors, and telomere shortening, with genetic anticipation in a number of genetic diseases including hereditary cancer syndromes. No conclusive studies have been performed for Lynch syndrome, a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes. Here we evaluate telomere length in Lynch syndrome, both as a cancer risk factor and as a mechanism associated with anticipation in the age of cancer onset observed in successive generations of Lynch syndrome families. Leukocyte telomere length was measured in 244 mismatch repair gene mutation carriers from 96 Lynch syndrome families and in 234 controls using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method. Cancer-affected mutation carriers showed significantly shorter telomeres than cancer-free mutation carriers. In addition, cancer-affected carriers showed the most pronounced shortening of telomere length with age, compared with unaffected carriers. The anticipation in the age of cancer onset observed in successive generations was not associated with telomere shortening, although, interestingly, all mother-son pairs showed telomere shortening. In conclusion, cancer-affected mismatch repair gene mutation carriers have distinct telomere-length pattern and dynamics. However, anticipation in the age of onset is not explained by telomere shortening. Pending further study, our findings suggest that telomere attrition might explain the previously reported dependence of cancer risk on the parent-of-origin of mismatch repair gene mutations

Longer telomeres are associated with cancer risk in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Aberrant telomere length measured in blood has been associated with increased risk of several cancer types. In the field of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (CRC), and more particularly in Lynch syndrome, caused by germline mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, we recently found that cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers had shorter telomeres and more pronounced shortening of telomere length with age than controls and unaffected MMR gene mutation carriers. Here we evaluate blood telomere length in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis CRC, i.e. familial CRC type X (fCRC-X). A total of 57 cancer-affected and 57 cancer-free individuals from 34 Amsterdam-positive fCRC-X families were analyzed and compared to the data previously published on 144 cancer-affected and 100 cancer-free MMR gene mutation carriers, and 234 controls. Relative telomere length was measured using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method, following strict measures to avoid sources of bias and adjusting by age. Despite the retrospective nature of our study, the results show that longer telomeres associate with cancer risk in fCRC-X, thus identifying different patterns of telomere length according to the status of the MMR system

Estudio de la longitud telomérica e identificación de nuevos genes causales en el cáncer colorrectal hereditario no polipósico

[spa] Aunque se estima la proporción de casos de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) atribuibles a factores genéticos entre el 20 y 35%, gran parte de la herencia genética al CCR queda por descubrir. Dentro de ese conglomerado de casos de CCR con agregación familiar sin una causa subyacente clara, se encuentra el CCR familiar tipo X (CCRf-X). Estas familias cumplen los criterios clínicos más estrictos para el CCR hereditario no polipósico (criterios de Ámsterdam) pero no presentan defectos en el sistema de reparación de bases desapareadas, rasgo definitorio de los pacientes con SL. El estudio de dos de estas familias mediante secuenciación de exomas nos ha permitido identificar el gen causal de la predisposición. La primera familia ha resultado ser un caso de CCR asociado a MUTYH enmascarado bajo unas características fenotípicas y moleculares atípicas. Estas son: Herencia aparentemente dominante debido al riesgo que aportan las variantes monoalélicas en MUTYH, ausencia de pólipos y presencia de tumores con inestabilidad de microsatélites. En la segunda familia hemos identificado un nuevo gen de predisposición al CCR que podría explicar aproximadamente un 3% de las familias CCRf-X. La haploinsuficiencia de este gen podría causar una reparación defectuosa del ADN con la consiguiente acumulación de un tipo específico de errores. Se ha sugerido que mutaciones en el gen que codifica la glicosilasa GALNT12 confieren un riesgo incrementado a padecer CCR. Hemos estudiado el gen en 103 familias CCRf-X pero no se han identificado cambios relevantes que afecten la actividad enzimática, desestimando a GALNT12 como un gen de alta penetrancia para CCR. Por otro lado, hemos evaluado el papel de la longitud telomérica como modulador del riesgo a desarrollar cáncer en las formas de CCR hereditario no polipósico. Hemos observado que muestran un patrón distinto en función del estado de la maquinaria de reparación de bases desapareadas: Acortamiento para pacientes con SL y elongamiento para el CCRf-X. Además, descartamos el acortamiento de los telómeros como mecanismo molecular que explique el fenómeno de la anticipación genética observada en el SL.[eng] Family history is thought to involve approximately 20% of all colorectal cancers (CRC). However, only a minority are explained by germline genetic mutations in well-known high penetrance genes. To identify novel hereditary CRC genes, we studied by exome sequencing two familial CRC of type X (fCRC-X) families. That is, Amsterdam-positive families with mismatch repair proficient tumors, and which genetic etiology is unknown. The first family examined resulted to be a case of MUTYH-associated CRC with an atypical phenotype. The analysis of the second family prompted us to the identification of a new CRC susceptibility gene that could explain ~3% of fCRC-X. Moreover, we have studied the gene GALNT12, suggested as a candidate gene that might cause a fraction of the unexplained familial CRC cases. Our results rule out GALNT12 as a major high penetrance gene for CRC. On the other hand, we have evaluated the role of blood telomere length in the risk of hereditary non-polyposis CRC. We have identified different patterns of telomere length according to the status of the MMR system: shortening for Lynch syndrome patients and elongation for fCRC-X. Additionally, we discard telomere length attrition as the common cause of genetic anticipation in Lynch syndrome

No association between germline allele-specific expression of TGFBR1 and colorectal cancer risk in Caucasian and Ashkenazi populations

Background: germline allele-specific expression (ASE) of the TGFBR1 gene has been reported as a strong risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) with an odds ratio close to 9. Considering the potential implications of the finding, we undertook the task of validating the initial results in this study. Methods: allele-specific expression was measured using the highly quantitative and robust technique of pyrosequencing. Individuals from two different populations were studied, one Caucasian-dominated and the other of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, with different sources of non-tumoral genetic material in each. Results: our results showed no statistically significant differences in the degree of ASE between CRC patients and controls, considering ASE as either a quantitative or a binary trait. Using defined cutoff values to categorise ASE, 1.0% of blood lymphocytes from informative Israeli cases (total n=96) were ASE positive (median 1.00; range 0.76-1.31) and 2.2% of informative matched controls (total n=90) were ASE positive (median 1.00; range 0.76-1.87). Likewise, normal mucosae from Spanish patients (median 1.03; range: 0.68-1.43; n=75) did not show significant differences in the degree of ASE when compared with the Israeli patients or controls. Conclusions: taken together, these results suggest that ASE of TGFBR1 does not confer an increased risk of CRC

No association between germline allele-specific expression of TGFBR1 and colorectal cancer risk in Caucasian and Ashkenazi populations

Background: germline allele-specific expression (ASE) of the TGFBR1 gene has been reported as a strong risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) with an odds ratio close to 9. Considering the potential implications of the finding, we undertook the task of validating the initial results in this study. Methods: allele-specific expression was measured using the highly quantitative and robust technique of pyrosequencing. Individuals from two different populations were studied, one Caucasian-dominated and the other of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, with different sources of non-tumoral genetic material in each. Results: our results showed no statistically significant differences in the degree of ASE between CRC patients and controls, considering ASE as either a quantitative or a binary trait. Using defined cutoff values to categorise ASE, 1.0% of blood lymphocytes from informative Israeli cases (total n=96) were ASE positive (median 1.00; range 0.76-1.31) and 2.2% of informative matched controls (total n=90) were ASE positive (median 1.00; range 0.76-1.87). Likewise, normal mucosae from Spanish patients (median 1.03; range: 0.68-1.43; n=75) did not show significant differences in the degree of ASE when compared with the Israeli patients or controls. Conclusions: taken together, these results suggest that ASE of TGFBR1 does not confer an increased risk of CRC

Longer telomeres are associated with cancer risk in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Aberrant telomere length measured in blood has been associated with increased risk of several cancer types. In the field of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (CRC), and more particularly in Lynch syndrome, caused by germline mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, we recently found that cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers had shorter telomeres and more pronounced shortening of telomere length with age than controls and unaffected MMR gene mutation carriers. Here we evaluate blood telomere length in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis CRC, i.e. familial CRC type X (fCRC-X). A total of 57 cancer-affected and 57 cancer-free individuals from 34 Amsterdam-positive fCRC-X families were analyzed and compared to the data previously published on 144 cancer-affected and 100 cancer-free MMR gene mutation carriers, and 234 controls. Relative telomere length was measured using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method, following strict measures to avoid sources of bias and adjusting by age. Despite the retrospective nature of our study, the results show that longer telomeres associate with cancer risk in fCRC-X, thus identifying different patterns of telomere length according to the status of the MMR system

Telomere length and genetic anticipation in lynch syndrome

Telomere length variation has been associated with increased risk of several types of tumors, and telomere shortening, with genetic anticipation in a number of genetic diseases including hereditary cancer syndromes. No conclusive studies have been performed for Lynch syndrome, a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes. Here we evaluate telomere length in Lynch syndrome, both as a cancer risk factor and as a mechanism associated with anticipation in the age of cancer onset observed in successive generations of Lynch syndrome families. Leukocyte telomere length was measured in 244 mismatch repair gene mutation carriers from 96 Lynch syndrome families and in 234 controls using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method. Cancer-affected mutation carriers showed significantly shorter telomeres than cancer-free mutation carriers. In addition, cancer-affected carriers showed the most pronounced shortening of telomere length with age, compared with unaffected carriers. The anticipation in the age of cancer onset observed in successive generations was not associated with telomere shortening, although, interestingly, all mother-son pairs showed telomere shortening. In conclusion, cancer-affected mismatch repair gene mutation carriers have distinct telomere-length pattern and dynamics. However, anticipation in the age of onset is not explained by telomere shortening. Pending further study, our findings suggest that telomere attrition might explain the previously reported dependence of cancer risk on the parent-of-origin of mismatch repair gene mutations