2,731 research outputs found
Prevalence of ‘pouch failure’ of the ileoanal pouch in ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Background and aims The ileoanal pouch (IPAA) provides patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) that have not responded to medical therapy an option to retain bowel continuity and defecate without the need for a long-term stoma. Despite good functional outcomes, some pouches fail, requiring permanent diversion, pouchectomy, or a redo pouch. The incidence of pouch failure ranges between 2 and 15% in the literature. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to define the prevalence of pouch failure in patients with UC who have undergone IPAA using population-based studies. Methods We searched Embase, Embase classic and PubMed from 1978 to 31st of May 2021 to identify cross-sectional studies that reported the prevalence of pouch failure in adults (≥ 18 years of age) who underwent IPAA for UC. Results Twenty-six studies comprising 23,389 patients were analysed. With < 5 years of follow-up, the prevalence of pouch failure was 5% (95%CI 3–10%). With ≥ 5 but < 10 years of follow-up, the prevalence was 5% (95%CI 4–7%). This increased to 9% (95%CI 7–16%) with ≥ 10 years of follow-up. The overall prevalence of pouch failure was 6% (95%CI 5–8%). Conclusions The overall prevalence of pouch failure in patients over the age of 18 who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy in UC is 6%. These data are important for counselling patients considering this operation. Importantly, for those patients with UC being considered for a pouch, their disease course has often resulted in both physical and psychological morbidity and hence providing accurate expectations for these patients is vital
A Compact Microchip-Based Atomic Clock Based on Ultracold Trapped Rb Atoms
We propose a compact atomic clock based on ultracold Rb atoms that are
magnetically trapped near the surface of an atom microchip. An interrogation
scheme that combines electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) with
Ramsey's method of separated oscillatory fields can achieve atomic shot-noise
level performance of 10^{-13}/sqrt(tau) for 10^6 atoms. The EIT signal can be
detected with a heterodyne technique that provides noiseless gain; with this
technique the optical phase shift of a 100 pW probe beam can be detected at the
photon shot-noise level. Numerical calculations of the density matrix equations
are used to identify realistic operating parameters at which AC Stark shifts
are eliminated. By considering fluctuations in these parameters, we estimate
that AC Stark shifts can be canceled to a level better than 2*10^{-14}. An
overview of the apparatus is presented with estimates of duty cycle and power
consumption.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, 5 table
Geometry of W-algebras from the affine Lie algebra point of view
To classify the classical field theories with W-symmetry one has to classify
the symplectic leaves of the corresponding W-algebra, which are the
intersection of the defining constraint and the coadjoint orbit of the affine
Lie algebra if the W-algebra in question is obtained by reducing a WZNW model.
The fields that survive the reduction will obey non-linear Poisson bracket (or
commutator) relations in general. For example the Toda models are well-known
theories which possess such a non-linear W-symmetry and many features of these
models can only be understood if one investigates the reduction procedure. In
this paper we analyze the SL(n,R) case from which the so-called W_n-algebras
can be obtained. One advantage of the reduction viewpoint is that it gives a
constructive way to classify the symplectic leaves of the W-algebra which we
had done in the n=2 case which will correspond to the coadjoint orbits of the
Virasoro algebra and for n=3 which case gives rise to the Zamolodchikov
algebra. Our method in principle is capable of constructing explicit
representatives on each leaf. Another attractive feature of this approach is
the fact that the global nature of the W-transformations can be explicitly
described. The reduction method also enables one to determine the ``classical
highest weight (h. w.) states'' which are the stable minima of the energy on a
W-leaf. These are important as only to those leaves can a highest weight
representation space of the W-algebra be associated which contains a
``classical h. w. state''.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, revised 1. and 7. chapter
An Atom Michelson Interferometer on a Chip Using a Bose-Einstein Condensate
An atom Michelson interferometer is implemented on an "atom chip." The chip
uses lithographically patterned conductors and external magnetic fields to
produce and guide a Bose-Einstein condensate. Splitting, reflecting, and
recombining of condensate atoms are achieved by a standing-wave light field
having a wave vector aligned along the atom waveguide. A differential phase
shift between the two arms of the interferometer is introduced by either a
magnetic-field gradient or with an initial condensate velocity. Interference
contrast is still observable at 20% with atom propagation time of 10 ms
Feeling good about being hungry: food-related thoughts in eating disorder
Objectives: This study explores the relationships to food and hunger in women living with anorexic type eating difficulties and asks how imagery-based elaborations of food and eating thoughts are involved in their eating restraint, and recovery. Design: The qualitative idiographic approach of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used. Four in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with women self-selected as having experienced anorexia or anorexic like behaviour. Methods: The data was analysed using IPA and an audit of the analysis was conducted to ensure that the process followed had been systematic and rigorous and appropriately considered reflexivity. Results: Hunger was perceived positively by participants as confirmation that they were achieving their goal of losing weight, or avoiding weight gain. Hunger conferred a sense of being in control for the participants. Intrusive thoughts about food were reported as being quickly followed by elaborative mental imagery of the positive aspects of weight loss, and the negative consequences of eating. Imagery appeared to serve to maintain anorexic behaviours rather than to motivate food seeking. However, negative imagery of the consequences of anorexia were also described as supporting recovery. Conclusions: The finding that physiological sensations of hunger were experienced as positive confirmation of maintaining control has potentially important clinical and theoretical implications. It suggests further attention needs to be focused upon how changes in cognitive elaboration, involving mental imagery, are components of the psychological changes in the development of, maintenance of, and recovery from, anorexia
Revealing buried information: Statistical processing techniques for ultracold gas image analysis
The techniques of principal and independent component analysis are applied to
images of ultracold atoms. As an illustrative example, we present the use of
these model-independent methods to rapidly determine the differential phase of
a BEC interferometer from large sets of images of interference patterns. These
techniques have been useful in the calibration of the experiment and in the
investigation of phase randomization. The details of the algorithms are
provided.Comment: v2: Many changes made to answer reviewer comments and improve
clarity. 29 pages, 9 figures v3: Small change to emphasize role of models in
result interpretation. 29 pages, 9 figure
Sensitivity of Simulated Regional Surface Thermal Fluxes during Warm Advection Snowmelt to Selection of the Lowest Model Level Height
High-throughput sequencing reveals a simple model of nucleosome energetics
We use nucleosome maps obtained by high-throughput sequencing to study
sequence specificity of intrinsic histone-DNA interactions. In contrast with
previous approaches, we employ an analogy between a classical one-dimensional
fluid of finite-size particles in an arbitrary external potential and arrays of
DNA-bound histone octamers. We derive an analytical solution to infer free
energies of nucleosome formation directly from nucleosome occupancies measured
in high-throughput experiments. The sequence-specific part of free energies is
then captured by fitting them to a sum of energies assigned to individual
nucleotide motifs. We have developed hierarchical models of increasing
complexity and spatial resolution, establishing that nucleosome occupancies can
be explained by systematic differences in mono- and dinucleotide content
between nucleosomal and linker DNA sequences, with periodic dinucleotide
distributions and longer sequence motifs playing a secondary role. Furthermore,
similar sequence signatures are exhibited by control experiments in which
genomic DNA is either sonicated or digested with micrococcal nuclease in the
absence of nucleosomes, making it possible that current predictions based on
high-throughput nucleosome positioning maps are biased by experimental
artifacts.Comment: 36 pages, 13 figure
Fibre bundle formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics: I. Introduction. The evolution transport
We propose a new systematic fibre bundle formulation of nonrelativistic
quantum mechanics. The new form of the theory is equivalent to the usual one
but it is in harmony with the modern trends in theoretical physics and
potentially admits new generalizations in different directions. In it a pure
state of some quantum system is described by a state section (along paths) of a
(Hilbert) fibre bundle. Its evolution is determined through the bundle
(analogue of the) Schr\"odinger equation. Now the dynamical variables and the
density operator are described via bundle morphisms (along paths). The
mentioned quantities are connected by a number of relations derived in this
work.
The present first part of this investigation is devoted to the introduction
of basic concepts on which the fibre bundle approach to quantum mechanics
rests. We show that the evolution of pure quantum-mechanical states can be
described as a suitable linear transport along paths, called evolution
transport, of the state sections in the Hilbert fibre bundle of states of a
considered quantum system.Comment: 26 standard (11pt, A4) LaTeX 2e pages. The packages AMS-LaTeX and
amsfonts are required. Revised: new material, references, and comments are
added. Minor style chages. Continuation of quan-ph/9803083. For continuation
of the this series see http://www.inrne.bas.bg/mathmod/bozhome
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