Nurturing net generation graduates with global skills

The total enrolments in more than 20,000 universities and tertiary education providers around the world are in the range of 200 million students. One in five students are enrolled in technology related disciplines. Various surveys reiterate that only a fraction of graduates are suitable for careers in the world of hyper-connected economies and competitive businesses with supply chains spanning the world. Universities irrespective of where they are functioning are facing new challenges, opportunities and expectations. They are being assessed, benchmarked and compared frequently by third parties with considerable impact on reputation, student enrolments, and resources. Tertiary institutions are on the cusp of enrolling a Net generation of students, who have diverse learning aspirations and needs compared the earlier generations. The emerging scenario requires the tertiary education to be reimagined in terms of the way a) the students are developed to possess global skills and values, b) faculty members are prepared to inspire students, c) curriculum and pedagogy are tailored to the needs of 21st Century workplaces and jobs, d) scientific research and innovation are carried out, and e) entrepreneurship is facilitated at the universities. This manuscript is based on authors’ own experiences during the rise of world-class universities in Singapore, and close interactions with several tertiary institutions around the world. The reimagined higher education will enable future graduates to build liveable and resilient societie

Intelligent hydrogels and their biomedical applications

Intelligent biomaterials can modify their properties in response to physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. These smart characteristics drive the innovation of biomaterials in therapy and diagnostics for detecting diseases and providing treatment at early stages. Mainly, hydrogels have gained significant interest in developing smart materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to interact with body fluids that host condition-specific stimuli. Temperature, pressure, pH, light, ROS, cell metabolites, and other physicochemical factors specific to specific disease conditions were studied as major stimuli for designing intelligent biomaterials. The stimuli-responsive characteristic mainly depends on the sensitivity of the biomaterial to the stimuli factor and the tunable macromolecular structure of the materials. The method of biomaterial fabrication is critical in determining the physical and chemical properties of the biomaterial. Surface functionalisation, material blending, and crosslinking are commonly used to synthesise intelligent hydrogels to change the macromolecular structure. The impact and mechanism of these fabrication methods on the macromolecular structure and stimuli responsiveness of intelligent materials remain unidentified. This review focuses on strategies for transforming conventional hydrogels into intelligent hydrogels, their concerning mechanisms of stimuli-responsiveness and their biomedical applications.Peer reviewe

Electrospinning and emerging healthcare and medicine possibilities

Electrospinning forms fibers from either an electrically charged polymer solution or polymer melt. Over the past decades, it has become a simple and versatile method for nanofiber production. Hence, it has been explored in many different applications. Commonly used electrospinning assembles fibers from polymer solutions in various solvents, known as solution electrospinning, while melt and near-field electrospinning techniques enhance the versatility of electrospinning. Adaption of additive manufacturing strategy to electrospinning permits precise fiber deposition and predefining pattern construction. This manuscript critically presents the potential of electrospun nanofibers in healthcare applications. Research community drew impetus from the similarity of electrospun nanofibers to the morphology and mechanical properties of fibrous extracellular matrices (ECM) of natural human tissues. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds act as ECM analogs for specific tissue cells, stem cells, and tumor cells to realize tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, and in vitro tumor model construction. The large surface-to-volume ratio of electrospun nanofibers offers a considerable number of bioactive agents binding sites, which makes it a promising candidate for a number of biomedical applications. The applications of electrospinning in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, biosensors, and cancer diagnosis are elaborated. Electrospun nanofiber incorporations in medical device coating, in vitro 3D cancer model, and filtration membrane are also discussed

Addressing sustainability gaps

Widespread industrialization, rapid urbanization, and massive transport through land, waters, and air have led to catastrophes such as climate change, water pollution, resource limitation, and pandemics causing severe economic consequences, massive influences on the natural environment and pose a great threat to the life sustainability. Sustainability topic has a long history, and many policies and initiatives are in effect for a sustainable planet Earth, still gaps of varying degrees exist in almost all sectors. This article addresses the essentiality of minimising the sustainability gaps exist in diverse realms of life and citing few examples. Creating a cyclic path for production–consumption process in the economic sector through promoting circular economy, learning from the natural processes through appropriate biomimicking, and knowledge-integration from diverse disciplines and emphasizing sustainability in the educational sector are shown to lower the sustainability gaps

Principles of materials circular economy

Material sourcing, processing, usage, and end-use management play a substantial role in present-day life; however, the sustainability concerns call for adaptation of “materials circular economy” to provide the materials’ share of the solutions to the existential threats. This Matter of Opinion puts together ten principles of materials circular economy as a guide for the materials community at large, including researchers, engineers, designers, manufacturers, businesses, and policy makers, to review and update. We hope that these ten principles and associated future editions will be helpful to eliminate the materials-related existential threats

Rheological, Surface Tension and Conductivity Insights on the Electrospinnability of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-hyaluronic Acid Solutions and Their Correlations with the Nanofiber Morphological Characteristics

In this study, solutions were prepared with fixed concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) but varied concentrations of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to emphasize the effects of PLGA concentration and HA addition on solution properties and to further evaluate their electrospinning performance. The dependence of specific viscosity on PLGA concentration was studied to determine the concentration regimes and evaluate the critical concentration (Ce) for successful fiber generation. The Ce of PLGA solutions is 12.07% compared to 10.09% for PLGA-HA solutions. Blending with HA results in a lower concentration dependence and better consistency to the theoretical scaling mechanisms due to the additional topological constrains, which thus result in more chain entanglements. Solutions in semi-dilute entangled regimes show the crossover of complex moduli, verifying the stable and reliable entanglement network. Higher concentrations and HA addition both led to lower crossover frequencies and, thus, a longer relaxation time. The effects of a higher PLGA concentration and HA addition on the surface tension were not evident. However, the HA addition significantly improved the solution conductivity up to three times in the pure PLGA solutions due to its polyelectrolyte nature. Defect-free and uniform nanofibers were generated from 35% to 40% of the PLGA-HA solutions, yet fibers with bead-on-string structures were produced from all studied pure PLGA solutions. Such solution characteristics and parametric correlations can provide predictive insights on tailoring the morphological characteristics of nanofibers for specific applications

Facile construction of nanofibrous ZnO photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cell applications

A facile method to prepare nanofibrous ZnO photoelectrodes with tunable thicknesses by electrospinning is reported. A “self-relaxation layer” is formed spontaneously between ZnO nanofibers and fluorine-doped SnO2 FTO substrate, which facilitates the release of interfacial tensile stress during calcination, resulting in good adhesion of ZnO film to FTO substrate. Dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs based on the nanofibrous ZnO photoelectrodes are fabricated and an energy conversion efficiency of 3.02% is achieved under irradiation of AM 1.5 simulated sunlight with a power density of 100 mW cm−2, which shows good promise of electrospun nanofibrous ZnO as the photoelectrode in DSSCs

Editorial: Electrospinning of Bioinspired Materials and Structures for Bioengineering and Advanced Biomedical Applications

The Research Topic “Electrospinning of Bioinspired Materials and Structures for Bioengineering and Advanced Biomedical Applications” includes submissions that relate to the “Biomaterials” and “Bionics and Biomimetics” sections of Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. The collection aims to provide an overview of how electrospinning, inspired by nature, can reproduce the hierarchical structure and biomechanical properties of biological tissues, ranging from the nanoscale to the macroscale. The development of such innovative nanofibrous structures requires the improvement of both functionalization and biofabrication strategies, to enhance the scaffold bioactivity and to drive cells in the regeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the target tissues of interest. Recent technological advances have given rise to the availability of intelligent and smart biomaterials for the regeneration of innovative procedures for manufacturing nanometric structures, and methods for assembling multiscale hierarchical structures. Furthermore, imaging has improved considerably in the last few years, allowing multimodal imaging with nanometric resolution

Construction 4.0 and Circular Economy

Guest editoria