143 research outputs found
Different Scenarios for Critical Glassy Dynamics
We study the role of different terms in the -body potential of glass
forming systems on the critical dynamics near the glass transition. Using a
simplified spin model with quenched disorder, where the different terms of the
real -body potential are mapped into multi-spin interactions, we identified
three possible scenarios. For each scenario we introduce a ``minimal'' model
representative of the critical glassy dynamics near, both above and below, the
critical transition lin e. For each ``minimal'' model we discuss the low
temperature equilibrium dynamics.Comment: Completely revised version, 8 pages, 5 figures, typeset using
EURO-LaTeX, Europhysics Letters (in press
Investigation of dielectric constant variations for Malaysians soil species towards its natural background dose
The correlation of natural background gamma radiation and real part of the complex
relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for various species Malaysian soils was investigated
in this research. The sampling sites were chosen randomly according to soils groups that
consist of sedentary, alluvial and miscellaneous soil which covered the area of Batu Pahat,
Kluang and Johor Bahru, Johor state of Malaysia. There are 11 types of Malaysian soil species
that have been studied; namely Peat, Linau-Sedu, Selangor-Kangkong, Kranji, Telemong�Akob-Local Alluvium, Holyrood-Lunas, Batu Anam-Melaka- Tavy, Harimau Tampoi, Kulai�Yong Peng, Rengam-Jerangau, and Steepland soils. In-situ exposure rates of each soil species
were measured by using portable gamma survey meter and ex-situ analysis of real part of
relative permittivity was performed by using DAK (Dielectric Assessment Kit assist by
network analyser). Results revealed that the highest and the lowest background dose rate were
94 ±26.28 μR hr-1 and 7 ±0.67 μR hr-1 contributed by Rengam Jerangau and Peat soil species
respectively. Meanwhile, dielectric constant measurement, it was performed in the range of
frequency between 100 MHz to 3 GHz. The measurements of each soils species dielectric
constant are in the range of 1 to 3. At the lower frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 600
MHz, it was observed that the dielectric constant for each soil species fluctuated and
inconsistent. But it remained consistent in plateau form of signal at higher frequency at range
above 600 MHz. From the comparison of dielectric properties of each soil at above 600 MHz
of frequency, it was found that Rengam-Jerangau soil species give the highest reading and
followed by Selangor-Kangkong species. The average dielectric measurement for both
Selangor-Kangkong and Rengam-Jerangau soil species are 2.34 and 2.35 respectively.
Meanwhile, peat soil species exhibits the lowest dielectric measurement of 1.83. It can be clearly seen that the pattern of dielectric measurement for every soil at the frequency above
600 MHz demonstrated a specific distribution which can be classified into two main regions
which are higher and lower between the ranges of 1.83 to 2.35. Pearson correlation analysis
between the frequency of 100 MHz and 2.6 GHz with respect to exposure rate for every soil
species was r = 0.38 and r = 0.51, respectively. This indicates that there was no strong
correlation between both parameter, natural background dose and soils dielectric for each soils
sample. This factor could be contributed by major and minor elements contained in each soils
sample species, especially Ferum, Fe and Silica, Si
Investigation of dielectric constant variations for Malaysians soil species towards its natural background dose
The correlation of natural background gamma radiation and real part of the complex
relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for various species Malaysian soils was investigated
in this research. The sampling sites were chosen randomly according to soils groups that
consist of sedentary, alluvial and miscellaneous soil which covered the area of Batu Pahat,
Kluang and Johor Bahru, Johor state of Malaysia. There are 11 types of Malaysian soil species
that have been studied; namely Peat, Linau-Sedu, Selangor-Kangkong, Kranji, Telemong-
Akob-Local Alluvium, Holyrood-Lunas, Batu Anam-Melaka- Tavy, Harimau Tampoi, Kulai-
Yong Peng, Rengam-Jerangau, and Steepland soils. In-situ exposure rates of each soil species
were measured by using portable gamma survey meter and ex-situ analysis of real part of
relative permittivity was performed by using DAK (Dielectric Assessment Kit assist by
network analyser). Results revealed that the highest and the lowest background dose rate were
94 ±26.28 μR hr-1 and 7 ±0.67 μR hr-1 contributed by Rengam Jerangau and Peat soil species
respectively. Meanwhile, dielectric constant measurement, it was performed in the range of
frequency between 100 MHz to 3 GHz. The measurements of each soils species dielectric
constant are in the range of 1 to 3. At the lower frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 600
MHz, it was observed that the dielectric constant for each soil species fluctuated and
inconsistent. But it remained consistent in plateau form of signal at higher frequency at range
above 600 MHz. From the comparison of dielectric properties of each soil at above 600 MHz
of frequency, it was found that Rengam-Jerangau soil species give the highest reading and
followed by Selangor-Kangkong species. The average dielectric measurement for both
Selangor-Kangkong and Rengam-Jerangau soil species are 2.34 and 2.35 respectively.
Meanwhile, peat soil species exhibits the lowest dielectric measurement of 1.83. It can be clearly seen that the pattern of dielectric measurement for every soil at the frequency above
600 MHz demonstrated a specific distribution which can be classified into two main regions
which are higher and lower between the ranges of 1.83 to 2.35. Pearson correlation analysis
between the frequency of 100 MHz and 2.6 GHz with respect to exposure rate for every soil
species was r = 0.38 and r = 0.51, respectively. This indicates that there was no strong
correlation between both parameter, natural background dose and soils dielectric for each soils
sample. This factor could be contributed by major and minor elements contained in each soils
sample species, especially Ferum, Fe and Silica, Si
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Quantitative evidence for the effects of multiple drivers on continental-scale amphibian declines.
Since amphibian declines were first proposed as a global phenomenon over a quarter century ago, the conservation community has made little progress in halting or reversing these trends. The early search for a "smoking gun" was replaced with the expectation that declines are caused by multiple drivers. While field observations and experiments have identified factors leading to increased local extinction risk, evidence for effects of these drivers is lacking at large spatial scales. Here, we use observations of 389 time-series of 83 species and complexes from 61 study areas across North America to test the effects of 4 of the major hypothesized drivers of declines. While we find that local amphibian populations are being lost from metapopulations at an average rate of 3.79% per year, these declines are not related to any particular threat at the continental scale; likewise the effect of each stressor is variable at regional scales. This result - that exposure to threats varies spatially, and populations vary in their response - provides little generality in the development of conservation strategies. Greater emphasis on local solutions to this globally shared phenomenon is needed
Mesostructured Block Copolymer Nanoparticles: Versatile Templates for Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Nanostructures
We present a versatile strategy to prepare a range of nanostructured poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) copolymer particles with tunable interior morphology and controlled size by a simple solvent exchange procedure. A key feature of this strategy is the use of functional block copolymers incorporating reactive pyridyl moieties which allow the absorption of metal salts and other inorganic precursors to be directed. Upon reduction of the metal salts, well-defined hybrid metal nanoparticle arrays could be prepared, whereas the use of oxide precursors followed by calcination permits the synthesis of silica and titania particles. In both cases, ordered morphologies templated by the original block copolymer domains were obtained
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