Predicting objectively assessed physical activity from the content and regulation of exercise goals: evidence for a mediational model

Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), the purpose of this work was to examine effects of the content and motivation of adults’ exercise goals on objectively assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). After reporting the content and motivation of their exercise goals, 101 adult participants (Mage = 38.79 years; SD = 11.5) wore an ActiGraph (GT1M) accelerometer for seven days. Accelerometer data were analyzed to provide estimates of engagement in MVPA and bouts of physical activity. Goal content did not directly predict behavioral engagement; however, mediation analysis revealed that goal content predicted behavior via autonomous exercise motivation. Specifically, intrinsic versus extrinsic goals for exercise had a positive indirect effect on average daily MVPA, average daily MVPA accumulated in 10-min bouts and the number of days on which participants performed 30 or more minutes of MVPA through autonomous motivation. These results support a motivational sequence in which intrinsic versus extrinsic exercise goals influence physical activity behavior because such goals are associated with more autonomous forms of exercise motivation

Documentary polyptychs: multi-screen documentary on a theme of climate change

This MFA explores how the problematic phenomenology of climate change might be approached by revisiting an ancient visual art form, the Early Renaissance polyptych. I posit the polyptych as a proleptic form of installation art, providing a historical overview and analysis of multi-channel forms up to contemporary expanded cinema, before narrowing my focus to documentary film and video installations. I propose that principles of dialectical montage apply between spatialised screens and that, as a richly affective form, the relationship between screens coexisting within a single field of view might productively be considered using Deleuze’s notion of the time-image crystal. Furthermore that the visitor, in becoming an ‘editor’ via bodily movement, might be positioned in a lineage to Vertov’s kino-eye, thus becoming a kinaesthetic eye. I use Mark Boulos’ All That is Solid Melts Into Air (2008) and Isaac Julien’s Ten Thousand Waves (2010), two- & nine-channel works respectively, to discuss these ideas. The ‘unseen’ nature of anthropogenic climate change poses particular challenges both for a culture that emphasises ‘seeing is believing’ and for documentary forms traditionally reliant on visible evidence. My creative work focuses on the phenomenon of sea level rise, and is presented in the form of a documentary polyptych with which the viewer physically engages. Without delivering a climate change polemic, the work explores crucial dissociations — of cause from effect, of today’s action from tomorrow’s result, of behaviour here from outcome there — through an open, affective form that replaces documentary’s traditionally temporal strategies with spatialised montage. More generally I position the form amidst both the veritable renaissance of multi-channel video art and the proliferation of multiple screen devices in contemporary society. How might documentary’s potential for creating meaning — and perhaps inspiring agency — change when it moves to multiple screens

Why Gender Equality in Policing is Important for Achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 16

United Nations (UN) sustainable development goal 5 calls for the elimination of violence, and goal 16 calls for strong and stable judicial institutions (United Nations 2016). The composition and culture of a nation’s police force play an essential role in its ability to achieve these goals. Employing a diverse workforce, particularly in terms of female representation in all ranks within the policing command structure, is a vital determinant for setting a police force’s culture. However, many police forces remain as traditional, male-dominant hierarchical institutions (Rabe-Hemp 2018). In England and Wales, although the proportion of female police officers has reached 30.4 per cent of the police force, the progression of women to the highest police ranks has declined (Home Office 2019). This article considers the influence that female representation can have within police forces on the effective management of domestic and sexually violent crimes that disproportionately affect women. It will highlight the barriers to female recruitment and their progression, as well as suggest a series of recommendations to improve opportunities for women in policing. In doing so, the article will consequently suggest improvements to women’s access to justice, thereby providing a platform for achieving these UN goals

Recurrent GTD and GTD coexisting with normal twin pregnancy

Hydatidiform mole (HM) affects around 1/1000 pregnancies, and in such cases the recurrence risk is around 1%, being greater for those with complete HM (CHM). Whilst most cases appear sporadic with unknown mechanisms, there is a distinct subgroup of patients who suffer recurrent pregnancy loss, including multiple recurrent CHM (familial recurrent biparental HM syndrome). The majority of these cases are related to maternal genetic mutations in genes related to the control of imprinting, specifically NALP7 and KHDC3L. Oocyte donation is an effective treatment allowing these patients to have successful pregnancies. Approximately 1 in 50,000 pregnancies are complicated by twin pregnancy comprising normal foetus and HM, the majority of reported cases being CHM. Such pregnancies are at significantly increased risk of complications, including pregnancy loss, early-onset preeclampsia and severe preterm delivery, but when managed conservatively the delivery of a liveborn healthy infant occurs in around one-third of cases. Regardless of management, the risk of persistent GTD in such cases appears similar to that following singleton CHM. Rarely, other conditions mimic prenatal ultrasound appearances of twin pregnancy with HM, CHM mosaicism and placental mesenchymal dysplasia, both of which have distinctive histological and genetic features

Documentary polyptychs: multi-screen documentary on a theme of climate change

This MFA explores how the problematic phenomenology of climate change might be approached by revisiting an ancient visual art form, the Early Renaissance polyptych. I posit the polyptych as a proleptic form of installation art, providing a historical overview and analysis of multi-channel forms up to contemporary expanded cinema, before narrowing my focus to documentary film and video installations. I propose that principles of dialectical montage apply between spatialised screens and that, as a richly affective form, the relationship between screens coexisting within a single field of view might productively be considered using Deleuze’s notion of the time-image crystal. Furthermore that the visitor, in becoming an ‘editor’ via bodily movement, might be positioned in a lineage to Vertov’s kino-eye, thus becoming a kinaesthetic eye. I use Mark Boulos’ All That is Solid Melts Into Air (2008) and Isaac Julien’s Ten Thousand Waves (2010), two- & nine-channel works respectively, to discuss these ideas. The ‘unseen’ nature of anthropogenic climate change poses particular challenges both for a culture that emphasises ‘seeing is believing’ and for documentary forms traditionally reliant on visible evidence. My creative work focuses on the phenomenon of sea level rise, and is presented in the form of a documentary polyptych with which the viewer physically engages. Without delivering a climate change polemic, the work explores crucial dissociations — of cause from effect, of today’s action from tomorrow’s result, of behaviour here from outcome there — through an open, affective form that replaces documentary’s traditionally temporal strategies with spatialised montage. More generally I position the form amidst both the veritable renaissance of multi-channel video art and the proliferation of multiple screen devices in contemporary society. How might documentary’s potential for creating meaning — and perhaps inspiring agency — change when it moves to multiple screens

p57KIP2 immunostaining for diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.

Accurate diagnosis and sub-classification of hydatidiform moles (HM) and distinction from non-molar (NM) gestations is important, since risk of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease (pGTD) and therefore clinical management differ. P57KIP2 immunostaining has been widely described as an ancillary test to distinguish complete (CHM) and partial (PHM) hydatidiform moles, but cannot discern PHM from non-molar gestations (NM) or identify androgenetic vs biparental CHM, which may be associated with increased recurrence risk. Molecular genotyping (MG) is the gold-standard in these scenarios and also in cases with aberrant/discordant p57KIP2 expression, following which, CHM, PHM and NM can be reliably diagnosed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Perinatal pathology reports: A guide for obstetricians

This article will provide the practising obstetrician with a general guide to the structure and interpretation of the histopathology report, with a focus on placental and perinatal autopsy reports. The relevance and readability of a histopathology report is heavily dependent on the quality of clinical information provided by the referring clinician. Walkthroughs of example placental and autopsy reports are provided, along with examples of pathologies and their possible significance to the underlying diagnosis

Impaired decidual natural killer cell regulation of vascular remodelling in early human pregnancies with high uterine artery resistance

During human pregnancy, natural killer (NK) cells accumulate in the maternal decidua, but their specific roles remain to be determined. Decidual NK (dNK) cells are present during trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling. These events are crucial for successful placentation and the provision of an adequate blood supply to the developing fetus. Remodelling of spiral arteries is impaired in the dangerous pregnancy complication pre-eclampsia. We studied dNK cells isolated from pregnancies at 9-14 weeks' gestation, screened by uterine artery Doppler ultrasound to determine resistance indices which relate to the extent of spiral artery remodelling. dNK cells were able to promote the invasive behaviour of fetal trophoblast cells, partly through HGF. Cells isolated from pregnancies with higher resistance indices were less able to do this and secreted fewer pro-invasive factors. dNK cells from pregnancies with normal resistance indices could induce apoptotic changes in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in vitro, events of importance in vessel remodelling, partly through Fas signalling. dNK cells isolated from high resistance index pregnancies failed to induce vascular apoptosis and secreted fewer pro-apoptotic factors. We have modelled the cellular interactions at the maternal-fetal interface and provide the first demonstration of a functional role for dNK cells in influencing vascular cells. A potential mechanism contributing to impaired vessel remodelling in pregnancies with a higher uterine artery resistance is presented. These findings may be informative in determining the cellular interactions contributing to the pathology of pregnancy disorders where remodelling is impaired, such as pre-eclampsia. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Current issues in postmortem imaging of perinatal and forensic childhood deaths

Perinatal autopsy practice is undergoing a state of change with the introduction of evidence-based cross-sectional imaging, driven primarily by parental choice. In particular, the introduction of post mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) has helped to advance less-invasive perinatal autopsy in the United Kingdom (UK) and Europe. However, there are limitations to PMMR and other imaging techniques which need to be overcome, particularly with regard to imaging very small fetuses. Imaging is also now increasingly used to investigate particular deaths in childhood, such as suspected non-accidental injury (NAI) and sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). Here we focus on current topical developments the field, with particular emphasis on the application of imaging to perinatal autopsy, and pediatric forensic deaths. Different imaging modalities and their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed, together with other benefits of more advanced cross-sectional imaging which currently lie in the research domain. Whilst variations in local imaging service provision and need may determine different practice patterns, and access to machines and professionals with appropriate expertise and experience to correctly interpret the findings may limit current practices, we propose that gold standard perinatal and pediatric autopsy services would include complete PMMR imaging prior to autopsy, with PMCT in suspicious childhood deaths. This approach would provide maximal diagnostic yield to the pathologist, forensic investigator and most importantly, the parents

Quantification of Maceration Changes using Post Mortem MRI in Fetuses

BACKGROUND: Post mortem imaging is playing an increasingly important role in perinatal autopsy, and correct interpretation of imaging changes is paramount. This is particularly important following intra-uterine fetal death, where there may be fetal maceration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether any changes seen on a whole body fetal post mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) correspond to maceration at conventional autopsy. METHODS: We performed pre-autopsy PMMR in 75 fetuses using a 1.5 Tesla Siemens Avanto MR scanner (Erlangen, Germany). PMMR images were reported blinded to the clinical history and autopsy data using a numerical severity scale (0 = no maceration changes to 2 = severe maceration changes) for 6 different visceral organs (total 12). The degree of maceration at autopsy was categorized according to severity on a numerical scale (1 = no maceration to 4 = severe maceration). We also generated quantitative maps to measure the liver and lung T2. RESULTS: The mean PMMR maceration score correlated well with the autopsy maceration score (R(2) = 0.93). A PMMR score of ≥4.5 had a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 64%, for detecting moderate or severe maceration at autopsy. Liver and lung T2 were increased in fetuses with maceration scores of 3-4 in comparison to those with 1-2 (liver p = 0.03, lung p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There was a good correlation between PMMR maceration score and the extent of maceration seen at conventional autopsy. This score may be useful in interpretation of fetal PMMR