1,114 research outputs found
Learning from Data Streams with Randomized Forests
Non-stationary streaming data poses a familiar challenge in machine learning: the need to
obtain fast and accurate predictions. A data stream is a continuously generated sequence of
data, with data typically arriving rapidly. They are often characterised by a non-stationary
generative process, with concept drift occurring as the process changes. Such processes are
commonly seen in the real world, such as in advertising, shopping trends, environmental
conditions, electricity monitoring and traffic monitoring.
Typical stationary algorithms are ill-suited for use with concept drifting data, thus necessitating
more targeted methods. Tree-based methods are a popular approach to this problem,
traditionally focussing on the use of the Hoeffding bound in order to guarantee performance
relative to a stationary scenario. However, there are limited single learners available for
regression scenarios, and those that do exist often struggle to choose between similarly
discriminative splits, leading to longer training times and worse performance. This limited
pool of single learners in turn hampers the performance of ensemble approaches in which
they act as base learners.
In this thesis we seek to remedy this gap in the literature, developing methods which
focus on increasing randomization to both improve predictive performance and reduce the
training times of tree-based ensemble methods. In particular, we have chosen to investigate
the use of randomization as it is known to be able to improve generalization error in
ensembles, and is also expected to lead to fast training times, thus being a natural method
of handling the problems typically experienced by single learners.
We begin in a regression scenario, introducing the Adaptive Trees for Streaming with
Extreme Randomization (ATSER) algorithm; a partially randomized approach based on
the concept of Extremely Randomized (extra) trees. The ATSER algorithm incrementally
trains trees, using the Hoeffding bound to select the best of a random selection of splits.
Simultaneously, the trees also detect and adapt to changes in the data stream. Unlike many
traditional streaming algorithms ATSER trees can easily be extended to include nominal
features. We find that compared to other contemporary methods ensembles of ATSER
trees lead to improved predictive performance whilst also reducing run times.
We then demonstrate the Adaptive Categorisation Trees for Streaming with Extreme
Randomization (ACTSER) algorithm, an adaption of the ATSER algorithm to the more
traditional categorization scenario, again showing improved predictive performance and
reduced runtimes. The inclusion of nominal features is particularly novel in this setting
since typical categorization approaches struggle to handle them.
Finally we examine a completely randomized scenario, where an ensemble of trees is generated
prior to having access to the data stream, while also considering multivariate splits
in addition to the traditional axis-aligned approach. We find that through the combination
of a forgetting mechanism in linear models and dynamic weighting for ensemble members,
we are able to avoid explicitly testing for concept drift. This leads to fast ensembles
with strong predictive performance, whilst also requiring fewer parameters than other
contemporary methods.
For each of the proposed methods in this thesis, we demonstrate empirically that they are
effective over a variety of different non-stationary data streams, including on multiple
types of concept drift. Furthermore, in comparison to other contemporary data streaming
algorithms, we find the biggest improvements in performance are on noisy data streams.Engineers Gat
Correction of non-linearity effects in detectors for electron spectroscopy
Using photoemission intensities and a detection system employed by many
groups in the electron spectroscopy community as an example, we have
quantitatively characterized and corrected detector non-linearity effects over
the full dynamic range of the system. Non-linearity effects are found to be
important whenever measuring relative peak intensities accurately is important,
even in the low-countrate regime. This includes, for example, performing
quantitative analyses for surface contaminants or sample bulk stoichiometries,
where the peak intensities involved can differ by one or two orders of
magnitude, and thus could occupy a significant portion of the detector dynamic
range. Two successful procedures for correcting non-linearity effects are
presented. The first one yields directly the detector efficiency by measuring a
flat-background reference intensity as a function of incident x-ray flux, while
the second one determines the detector response from a least-squares analysis
of broad-scan survey spectra at different incident x-ray fluxes. Although we
have used one spectrometer and detection system as an example, these
methodologies should be useful for many other cases.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figure
Collisional quantum thermometry
We introduce a general framework for thermometry based on collisional models,
where ancillas probe the temperature of the environment through an intermediary
system. This allows for the generation of correlated ancillas even if they are
initially independent. Using tools from parameter estimation theory, we show
through a minimal qubit model that individual ancillas can already outperform
the thermal Cramer-Rao bound. In addition, due to the steady-state nature of
our model, when measured collectively the ancillas always exhibit superlinear
scalings of the Fisher information. This means that even collective
measurements on pairs of ancillas will already lead to an advantage. As we find
in our qubit model, such a feature may be particularly valuable for weak
system-ancilla interactions. Our approach sets forth the notion of metrology in
a sequential interactions setting, and may inspire further advances in quantum
thermometry
Differences in household income and other socioeconomic factors have been more important than subprime lending in explaining the growing gap in homeownership between blacks and whites
The consequences of the post 2006 housing bust disproportionately affected black households; rates of black homeownership are now 26 percentage points lower compared to whites. In new research, Kiat Ying Seah, Eric Fesselmeyer, and Kien T. Le examine some of the causes of this homeownership gap by focusing on socio-economic factors. They find that rather than being due to discrimination and subprime lending, the gap is mostly explained by changes in household income, whether the household earned dividend, interest, or rental income, and by marital status
Proximal humeral fractures with a severe varus deformity treated by fixation with a locking plate
Closing the gap: Pre-service teachers' perceptions of an ICT based, student centred learning curriculum
As technology continues to influence many aspects of our social and work lives, it is important that school experiences equip students the skills and knowledge that will enable them to develop into effective independent, creative, and lifelong learners to cope with the influx of changes. Given that teachers play a key role in the effective use of technology in education, there is a need to ensure that teacher education programs prepare teachers for the effective integration of ICT in the classrooms. We believe that there is a need to adopt a student-centered learning framework to design our ICT based Student-Centred Learning (SCL) curriculum for all pre-service teachers. In this paper, we presents parts of the findings from a curriculum review which evaluated 483 pre-service teachers' overall satisfaction level towards an ICT based SCL course. We also provide some recommendations to the ICT curriculum based on the results found. © 2007 Chwee Beng Lee, Timothy Teo, Ching Sing Chai, Doris Choy, Ashley Tan and Jimmy Seah
Virtual Simulation to Enhance Clinical Reasoning in Nursing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to more virtual simulation training. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of virtual simulations and their design features in developing clinical reasoning skills among nurses and nursing students. Method: A systematic search in CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ProQuest, PsycINFO, and Scopus was conducted. The PRISMA guidelines, Cochrane's risk of bias, and GRADE was used to assess the articles. Meta-analyses and random-effects meta-regression were performed. Results: The search retrieved 11,105 articles, and 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in clinical reasoning based on applied knowledge and clinical performance among learners in the virtual simulation group compared with the control group. Meta-regression did not identify any significant covariates. Subgroup analyses revealed that virtual simulations with patient management contents, using multiple scenarios with nonimmersive experiences, conducted more than 30-minutes and postscenario feedback were more effective. Conclusions: Virtual simulations can improve clinical reasoning skill. This study may inform nurse educators on how virtual simulation should be designed to optimize the development of clinical reasoning
Spin Motion in Electron Transmission through Ultrathin Ferromagnetic Films Accessed by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Ab initio and model calculations demonstrate that the spin motion of
electrons transmitted through ferromagnetic films can be analyzed in detail by
means of angle- and spin-resolved core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. The
spin motion appears as precession of the photoelectron spin polarization around
and as relaxation towards the magnetization direction. In a systematic study
for ultrathin Fe films on Pd(001) we elucidate its dependence on the Fe film
thickness and on the Fe electronic structure. In addition to elastic and
inelastic scattering, the effect of band gaps on the spin motion is addressed
in particular.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Sulfur-Oxidizing Symbionts without Canonical Genes for Autotrophic CO2 Fixation
Many animals and protists depend on symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as their main food source. These bacteria use energy from oxidizing inorganic sulfur compounds to make biomass autotrophically from CO2, serving as primary producers for their hosts. Here we describe a clade of nonautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, “Candidatus Kentron,” associated with marine ciliates. They lack genes for known autotrophic pathways and have a carbon stable isotope fingerprint heavier than other symbionts from similar habitats. Instead, they have the potential to oxidize sulfur to fuel the uptake of organic compounds for heterotrophic growth, a metabolic mode called chemolithoheterotrophy that is not found in other symbioses. Although several symbionts have heterotrophic features to supplement primary production, in Kentron they appear to supplant it entirely.Since the discovery of symbioses between sulfur-oxidizing (thiotrophic) bacteria and invertebrates at hydrothermal vents over 40 years ago, it has been assumed that autotrophic fixation of CO2 by the symbionts drives these nutritional associations. In this study, we investigated “Candidatus Kentron,” the clade of symbionts hosted by Kentrophoros, a diverse genus of ciliates which are found in marine coastal sediments around the world. Despite being the main food source for their hosts, Kentron bacteria lack the key canonical genes for any of the known pathways for autotrophic carbon fixation and have a carbon stable isotope fingerprint that is unlike other thiotrophic symbionts from similar habitats. Our genomic and transcriptomic analyses instead found metabolic features consistent with growth on organic carbon, especially organic and amino acids, for which they have abundant uptake transporters. All known thiotrophic symbionts have converged on using reduced sulfur to gain energy lithotrophically, but they are diverse in their carbon sources. Some clades are obligate autotrophs, while many are mixotrophs that can supplement autotrophic carbon fixation with heterotrophic capabilities similar to those in Kentron. Here we show that Kentron bacteria are the only thiotrophic symbionts that appear to be entirely heterotrophic, unlike all other thiotrophic symbionts studied to date, which possess either the Calvin-Benson-Bassham or the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle for autotrophy
Visual field progression 8 years after trabeculectomy in Asian eyes: results from The Singapore 5-Fluorouracil Study
Background/Aims: This work aimed to study the effect of long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation on visual field (VF) progression 8 years post-trabeculectomy in Asian eyes.
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Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 8-year post-trabeculectomy data from The Singapore 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Study. VFs were analysed using Progressor software (Medisoft, Leeds, UK). Outcome measures included mean slope for VF per year, number of progressing points and mean slope for progressing points per year. Multivariate regression analyses were performed adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, glaucoma type, intraoperative 5-FU, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, best pre-trabeculectomy VF mean deviation, post-trabeculectomy mean IOP, IOP reduction and IOP fluctuation (SD of IOPs at 6-monthly timepoints).
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Results: 127 (52.3%) subjects completed 8-year follow-up with ≥5 reliable VFs and ≥8 6-monthly IOP measurements. Mean age was 61.8±9.6 years. Post-operatively, mean IOP was 14.2±2.8 mm Hg and mean IOP fluctuation was 2.53±1.20 mm Hg. Higher IOP fluctuation was associated with greater mean slope for field (B=−0.071; p=0.013), number of progressing points (B=0.963; p=0.014) and VF progression as defined by ≥1 progressing point (OR=1.585; p=0.029). There was also a trend towards eyes with higher IOP fluctuation having ≥3 adjacent progressing points in the same hemifield (OR=1.489; p=0.055). Greater mean IOP reduction post-trabeculectomy was associated only with a lower mean slope for progressing points per year (B=−0.026; p=0.028). There was no significant effect of intra-operative 5-FU compared with placebo for all outcome measures.
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Conclusion: In post-trabeculectomy Asian eyes with well-controlled IOP, higher long-term IOP fluctuation may be associated with greater VF progression
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