Exploring the Ambiguity of Operation Sophia Between Military and Search and Rescue Activities

Over the past decade, for the purpose of managing the phenomenon of migration by sea, a wide number of different measures have been adopted by the European Union and its Member States. Notwithstanding the persistent need and the legal obligation to save people's lives at sea, Europe remains stocked on the protection of the security of its internal and external borders and goes ahead with the launch of Eunavfor Med--Operation Sophia, the first naval mission aimed to disrupt the business model of migrant smuggling and human trafficking in the Mediterranean. The following chapter examines the factual and legal background behind the establishment of this military mission and focuses on two sensitive and interrelated aspects: the use of enforcement powers against alleged smugglers and traffickers on the one hand and the rescue of irregular migrants at sea on the other hand. While various challenges prevent the activation of the crucial military phase of Operation Sophia, the operational and legal framework applicable to incidental search and rescue interventions carried out by its naval forces appears rather unclear and problematic under different perspectives of international law, especially if the Operation will continue into Libyan territorial waters in cooperation with its unstable authorities

Stabilized shock hydrodynamics: II. Design and physical interpretation of the SUPG operator for Lagrangian computations

A new SUPG-stabilized formulation for Lagrangian Hydrodynamics of materials satisfying the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state was presented in the first paper of the series [7]. This article investigates in more detail the design of SUPG stabilization, focusing on its multiscale and physical interpretations. Connections with Kuropatenko's [5] analysis of shock-capturing operators in the limit of weak shocks are shown. Galilean invariance requirements for the SUPG operator are explored and corroborated by numerical evidence. This work is intended to elucidate the profound physical significance of the SUPG operator as a subgrid interaction model. Acknowledgments This research was partially funded by the DOE NNSA Advanced Scientific Computing Program and the Computer Science Research Institute at Sandia National Laboratories. The author would like to thank Tom Hughes, Mark Christon, and John Shadid for providing helpful comments and suggestions on a preliminary draft of the paper. Contents

Analysis of the shifted boundary method for the Stokes problem

The analysis of stability and accuracy of the shifted boundary method is developed for the Stokes flow equations. The key feature of the shifted boundary method, an embedded finite element method, is the shifting of the location where boundary conditions are applied from the true to a surrogate boundary, and an appropriate modification (shifting) of the value of the boundary conditions. An inf–sup condition is proved for the variational formulation associated to the shifted boundary method and we derive, by way of Strang's second lemma, an optimal error estimate in the natural SBM norm. We also derive an L2-error estimate for the velocity field, by means of an extension of the Aubin–Nitsche approach to embedded, non-consistent, mixed finite element methods

A multi-scale residual-based anti-hourglass control for compatible staggered Lagrangian hydrodynamics

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