An instinct for detection: psychological perspectives on CCTV surveillance

The aim of this article is to inform and stimulate a proactive, multidisciplinary approach to research and development in surveillance-based detective work. In this article we review some of the key psychological issues and phenomena that practitioners should be aware of. We look at how human performance can be explained with reference to our biological and evolutionary legacy. We show how critical viewing conditions can be in determining whether observers detect or overlook criminal activity in video material. We examine situations where performance can be surprisingly poor, and cover situations where, even once confronted with evidence of these detection deficits, observers still underestimate their susceptibility to them. Finally we explain why the emergence of these relatively recent research themes presents an opportunity for police and law enforcement agencies to set a new, multidisciplinary research agenda focused on relevant and pressing issues of national and international importance

Detect the unexpected: a science for surveillance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a strategy for research development focused on addressing the neglected role of visual perception in real life tasks such as policing surveillance and command and control settings. Approach – The scale of surveillance task in modern control room is expanding as technology increases input capacity at an accelerating rate. The authors review recent literature highlighting the difficulties that apply to modern surveillance and give examples of how poor detection of the unexpected can be, and how surprising this deficit can be. Perceptual phenomena such as change blindness are linked to the perceptual processes undertaken by law-enforcement personnel. Findings – A scientific programme is outlined for how detection deficits can best be addressed in the context of a multidisciplinary collaborative agenda between researchers and practitioners. The development of a cognitive research field specifically examining the occurrence of perceptual “failures” provides an opportunity for policing agencies to relate laboratory findings in psychology to their own fields of day-to-day enquiry. Originality/value – The paper shows, with examples, where interdisciplinary research may best be focussed on evaluating practical solutions and on generating useable guidelines on procedure and practice. It also argues that these processes should be investigated in real and simulated context-specific studies to confirm the validity of the findings in these new applied scenarios

When Point Estimates Miss the Point: Stochastic Modeling of WTO Restrictions

Paper presented at a meeting of the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium held in San Diego, CA, December 4-6, 2005.Point estimates of agricultural and trade policy impacts often paint an incomplete or even misleading picture. For many purposes it is important to estimate a distribution of outcomes. Stochastic modeling can be especially important when policies have asymmetric effects or when there is interest in the tails of distributions. Both of these factors are important in evaluating World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments on internal support measures. Point estimates based on a continuation of 2005 U.S. agricultural policies and average values for external factors indicate that U.S. support would remain well below agreed commitments under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). Stochastic estimates indicate that the mean value of the U.S. Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) is substantially greater than the deterministic point estimate. In 41.8 percent of 500 stochastic outcomes, the URAA AMS limit is exceeded at least once between 2006 and 2014

Current State of the Dairy Industry

Testimony given before the House Agriculture Subcommittee on Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry Tuesday, May 20, 2003 at the request of committee chair, Representative Gutknecht

Effect on the United States Dairy Industry of Removing Current Federal Regulations

This analysis provides a forward-looking examination (2003-2012) of what the dairy industry may look like if each of several federal dairy regulations is removed

The Effect of Adopting California Fluid Milk Standards in the United States

The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute at the University of Missouri (FAPRI-MU) has analyzed the impact of adopting the current California fluid milk standards throughout the U.S. There have been numerous studies of the effects of imposing California fluid milk standards across the U.S. (Salathe and Price, Outlaw et. al., Boynton). In general, these studies tended to reach similar conclusions. The increased use of solids nonfat reduced Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) inventories of nonfat dry milk and raised prices for nonfat solids, which tended to increase farmer milk prices. Although similar results are found in this analysis, the market situation is very different today than when those studies were conducted.Material in this publication is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service; US Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 2009-03404

Facilitating goal-oriented behaviour in the Stroop task: when executive control is influenced by automatic processing.

A portion of Stroop interference is thought to arise from a failure to maintain goal-oriented behaviour (or goal neglect). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether goal- relevant primes could enhance goal maintenance and reduce the Stroop interference effect. Here it is shown that primes related to the goal of responding quickly in the Stroop task (e.g. fast, quick, hurry) substantially reduced Stroop interference by reducing reaction times to incongruent trials but increasing reaction times to congruent and neutral trials. No effects of the primes were observed on errors. The effects on incongruent, congruent and neutral trials are explained in terms of the influence of the primes on goal maintenance. The results show that goal priming can facilitate goal-oriented behaviour and indicate that automatic processing can modulate executive control

Structure retrieval at atomic resolution in the presence of multiple scattering of the electron probe

The projected electrostatic potential of a thick crystal is reconstructed at atomic-resolution from experimental scanning transmission electron microscopy data recorded using a new generation fast- readout electron camera. This practical and deterministic inversion of the equations encapsulating multiple scattering that were written down by Bethe in 1928 removes the restriction of established methods to ultrathin ($\lesssim 50$ {\AA}) samples. Instruments already coming on-line can overcome the remaining resolution-limiting effects in this method due to finite probe-forming aperture size, spatial incoherence and residual lens aberrations.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure