Concepts in Animal Parasitology, Chapter 58: Acanthocephala (Phylum)

Chapter 58 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on the phylum Acanthocephala by Scott Monks. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap05

Concepts in Animal Parasitology, Chapter 23: Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863 (Order)

Chapter 23 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on the order Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863 by Francisco Zaragoza-Tapia and Scott Monks. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap02

Host relationships and geographic distribution of species of Blanchard, 1848 (Onchoproteocephalidea, Onchobothriidae) in elasmobranchs: a metadata analysis

Species of Acanthobothrium have been documented as parasites of the spiral intestine of elasmobranchs. Results of a metadata analysis indicate that 114 species of elasmobranchs have been reported as hosts of 200 species of Acanthobothrium. The metadata analysis revealed that 3.7% of species of sharks and 14.9% of species of rays that have been reported as hosts to date; some species are parasitized by more than one species of Acanthobothrium. This work provides a Category designation, as proposed by Ghoshroy and Caira (2001), for each species of Acanthobothrium. These Category designations are a tool to facilitate comparisons among members of Acanthobothrium for descriptions of new species in the future

\u3ci\u3eNeonchocotyle violantei\u3c/i\u3e n. sp. (Monogenea, Hexabothriidae) from \u3ci\u3ePseudobatos lentiginosus\u3c/i\u3e (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) of Yucatán, Gulf of Mexico = \u3ci\u3eNeonchocotyle violantei\u3c/i\u3e n. sp. (Monogenea, Hexabothriidae) do \u3ci\u3ePseudobatos lentiginosus\u3c/i\u3e (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) de Yucatán, Golfo do México

Abstract Neonchocotyle violantei n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) infects the gill of the Atlantic guitarfish, Pseudobatos lentiginosus (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) from littoral waters of Celestún, Yucatán, Mexico. It is assigned to Neonchocotyle because it has, among other features, an asymmetrical haptor, a seminal receptacle, a smooth oötype, and an egg with two elongate filaments. It differs from Neonchocotyle pastinacae, the only congener, by having a small body (821 long by 315 wide, length to width = 2.6:1), two pairs of microhooks between the haptoral appendix suckers, extracaecal (submarginal) vaginal pores, and 5-9 testes. This is the first record of a species of Neonchocotyle in the Gulf of Mexico, the first monogenean reported from P. lentiginosus in Mexico and the second species of Hexabothriidae reported from Mexico. Resumo Neonchocotyle violantei n. sp. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) infecta brânquia de Pseudobatos lentiginosus, (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae) de águas litorâneas ao largo da costa de Celestún, Yucatán, México. É atribuído a Neonchocotyle porque tem, entre outras características, um haptor assimétrico, um receptáculo seminal, um tipo oótipo liso e um ovo com dois filamentos alongados. Difere de Neonchocotyle pastinacae, o único congênere, por ter um corpo pequeno (821 de comprimento por 315 de largura, comprimento a largura = 2,6: 1), dois pares de microganchos entre as ventosas do apêndice haptoral, poros vaginais extracaecais (submarginal) e 5-9 testículos. Este é o primeiro registro de uma espécie de Neonchocotyle no Golfo do México, o primeiro monogenético registrado em P. lentiginosus no México e a segunda espécie de Hexabothriidae relatada no México

Distribution Extension of \u3ci\u3eAspiculuris americana\u3c/i\u3e Parasite of \u3ci\u3ePeromyscus difficilis\u3c/i\u3e in Hidalgo, Mexico

English: As a part of an ongoing project to inventory the helminth parasites of rodents in Mexico, 30 individuals of Aspiculuris americana were collected inhabiting the intestine from three specimens of the rock mouse Peromyscus difficilis, collected from Cerro Xihuingo, Municipality of Tepeapulco, Hidalgo State, Mexico. This species of nematode parasite different species of the genus Peromyscus (P. gossypinus, P. leucopus, P. maniculatus, and P. floridanus) distributed from Yukon Territory in Canada to Florida in the United States of America. This is the first report of Aspiculuris americana in a Mexican endemic rodent, widening the known distribution of the species to the southern portion of the country. Español: Como parte de un proyecto para inventariar los parásitos helmintos de roedores en México, se recolectaron 30 individuos de Aspiculuris americana que parasitan el intestino de tres especímenes del ratón de las rocas Peromyscus difficilis, recolectados en Cerro Xihuingo, Municipio de Tepeapulco, Estado de Hidalgo, Mexico. Esta especie de nematodo parasita diferentes especies del género Peromyscus (P. gossypinus, P. leucopus, P. maniculatus y P. floridanus) distribuidas desde el territorio de Yukon en Canadá hasta Florida en los Estados Unidos de América. Este es el primer informe de Aspiculuris americana en un roedor endémico mexicano, ampliando la distribución conocida de la especie a la parte sur del país

Comunidades de helmintos parásitos de algunas especies de peces de dos localidades de la Huasteca Hidalguense

En México, los peces son un grupo diverso y es el taxón con la mayor cantidad de estudios parasitológicos, sin embargo aún falta conocimiento en especies de peces endémicas. Los peces actúan como hospederos definitivos, intermediarios y paraténicos de los helmintos. La estructura de las comunidades de helmintos depende de factores atribuibles al hospedero, al ambiente y al mismo parásito. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la estructura de las comunidades de parásitos en Xiphophorus birchmanni, Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculata y Amantitlania nigrofasciata, especies en simpatría en San Pedro (Río Huazalingo) y Huiznopala (Río Atlapexco). En 2008 y 2009 se colectaron peces y se sometieron a un examen helmintológico. Los helmintos recolectados se procesaron e identificaron taxonómicamente. Se calcularon índices de diversidad. Se registraron 7 especies de helmintos: Centrocestus formosanus, Uvulifer sp., Girodactilidae sp., Urocleidoides vaginoclastrum, Rhabdochona sp., R. kidderi y Spinitectus sp. Las especies de monogéneos fueron las más abundantes y dominantes en las comunidades, especialmente en X. birchmanni. Los nemátodos fueron el grupo mejor representado. A nivel componente de comunidad, X. birchmanni presento la mayor riqueza. Las comunidades de helmintos de estos peces son pobres y altamente dominadas por monogéneos. La especificidad hospedatoria y hábitos alimenticios de los hospederos influencian la estructura de comunidad de helmintos

A New Species of \u3ci\u3eAcanthobothrium\u3c/i\u3e Van Beneden, 1849 (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) in \u3ci\u3eDasyatis longus\u3c/i\u3e Garman (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatididae) from Chamela Bay, Jalisco, Mexico

A new species of Acanthobothrium in Dasyatis longus from Chamela Bay, Jalisco, Mexico, is a member of a presumed clade of species diagnosed by being anapolytic or nearly so, having more than 100 testes per proglottis, with immature and mature proglottides wider than long to square, aspinose scolex, muscular bothridia fused to the scolex at their posterior ends, H- to V-shaped ovaries, relatively short symmetrical to asymmetrical ovarian arms that extend anteriorly to, or nearly to, the cirrus sac, and vitellaria arranged in fields rather than a single row of follicles. The new species most closely resembles Acanthobothrium terezae from the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro in the following characters: bothridial hooks longer than 200 μm with inner hooks having bent asymmetrical prongs, an average of 130-140 testes per proglottis, and shallow genital atria located posterior to midline of proglottis. The new species differs from A. terezae by having outer hooks approximately the same size and shape as the inner hooks, inner hooks averaging 230 μm rather than 313 μm in total length, and cirrus sacs averaging 255 μm rather than 450 μm in length. The new species is unique among all described species of Acanthobothrium by having a cleft in the posterior margin of each apical bothridial pad. The apparent close relationship of the new species to one inhabiting a Neotropical freshwater stingray provides support for the hypothesized Pacific marine ancestry of Neotropical freshwater stingrays and raises the possibility that the Neotropical freshwater stingrays may not be monophyletic

Distribution Extension of \u3ci\u3eEscherbothrium molinae\u3c/i\u3e Berman and Brooks, 1994 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) in \u3ci\u3eUrotrygon\u3c/i\u3e sp. from the Pacific Coast of Mexico

Cestodes collected from the spiral valves of the stingray Urotrygon sp. from the Pacific coast of Mexico were identified as Escherbothrium molinae Berman and Brooks, 1994. The first report of the species was from the Gulf of Nicoya and the Guanacaste coast, Costa Rica; this work represents the second report of the species since the original description and extends its distribution north to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico

A new species of \u3ci\u3eAcanthobothrium\u3c/i\u3e (Eucestoda: Onchobothriidae) in \u3ci\u3eAetobatus\u3c/i\u3e cf. \u3ci\u3enarinari\u3c/i\u3e (Myliobatidae) from Campeche, México = Uma nova espécie de \u3ci\u3eAcanthobothrium\u3c/i\u3e (Eucestoda: Onchobothriidae) em \u3ci\u3eAetobatus\u3c/i\u3e cf. \u3ci\u3enarinari\u3c/i\u3e (Myliobatidae) de Campeche, México

Abstract The helminthological examination of nine individuals of Aetobatus cf. narinari (spotted eagle ray; raya pinta; arraia pintada) revealed the presence of an undescribed species of cestode of the genus Acanthobothrium. The stingrays were collected from four locations in México: Laguna Términos, south of Isla del Carmen and the marine waters north of Isla del Carmen and Champotón, in the State of Campeche, and Isla Holbox, State of Quintana Roo. The new species, nominated Acanthobothrium marquesi, is a category 3 species (i.e, the strobila is long, has more than 50 proglottids, the numerous testicles greater than 80, and has asymmetrically-lobed ovaries); at the present, the only category 3 species that has been reported in the Western Atlantic Ocean is Acanthobothrium tortum. Acanthobothrium marquesi n. sp. can be distinguished from A. tortum by length (26.1 cm vs. 10.6 cm), greater number of proglottids (1,549 vs. 656), a larger scolex (707 µm long by 872 µm wide vs. 699 µm long by 665 µm wide), larger bothridia (626 µm long by 274 µm wide vs. 563 µm long by 238 µm wide). This is the first report of a species of Acanthobothrium from the Mexican coast of the Gulf México. Resumo O exame helmintológico do trato digestivo de nove espécimes de Aetobatus cf. narinari (arraia pintada) revelou a presença de uma nova espécie de cestódeo do gênero Acanthobothrium. As arraias foram coletadas de quatro locais no México: Laguna Términos, ao sul de Isla del Carmen e nas águas marinhas ao norte de Isla del Carmen e Champotón, no estado de Campeche, e Isla Holbox, estado de Quintana Roo. A nova espécie foi denominada Acanthobothrium marquesi, pertencente a uma espécie da categoria 3 (estrobilo longo, tendo mais de 50 proglotes, numerosos testículos, superiores a 80, e ovários assimetricamente lobados). Apenas outra espécie deste gênero, Acanthobothrium tortum pertence a categoria 3, no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental. Acanthobothrium marquesi n. sp. se distingue de A. tortum por ser mais longo (26,1 cm vs. 10,6 cm), possuir maior número de proglotes (1.549 vs. 656), ter um escolex maior (707 µm de comprimento por 872 µm de largura vs. 699 µm de comprimento por 666 µm de largura), e botridias maiores (626 µm de comprimento por 274 µm de largura vs. 563 µm de comprimento por 238 µm de largura). Este é o primeiro relato de uma espécie de Acanthobothrium do Golfo do México

Substantial large-scale feedbacks between natural aerosols and climate

The terrestrial biosphere is an important source of natural aerosol. Natural aerosol sources alter climate, but are also strongly controlled by climate, leading to the potential for natural aerosol-climate feedbacks. Here we use a global aerosol model to make an assessment of terrestrial natural aerosol-climate feedbacks, constrained by observations of aerosol number. We find that warmer-than-average temperatures are associated with higher-than-average number concentrations of large (>100 nm diameter) particles, particularly during the summer. This relationship is well reproduced by the model and is driven by both meteorological variability and variability in natural aerosol from biogenic and landscape fire sources. We find that the calculated extratropical annual mean aerosol radiative effect (both direct and indirect) is negatively related to the observed global temperature anomaly, and is driven by a positive relationship between temperature and the emission of natural aerosol. The extratropical aerosol-climate feedback is estimated to be -0.14 W m(-2) K-1 for landscape fire aerosol, greater than the -0.03 W m(-2) K-1 estimated for biogenic secondary organic aerosol. These feedbacks are comparable in magnitude to other biogeochemical feedbacks, highlighting the need for natural aerosol feedbacks to be included in climate simulations.Peer reviewe