Factors affecting reproductive success and clutch quality of Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus Magellanicus) in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

En este estudio se estimó la duración de los viajes de alimentación y el tamaño corporal de machos y hembras del pingüino patagónico durante el período reproductivo en una colonia del Canal Beagle, Tierra del Fuego, y se determinaron las implicancias de estos parámetros sobre el éxito reproductivo y la calidad de la nidada. La duración de los viajes difirió significativamente entre sexos y entre las distintas etapas reproductivas. Las hembras realizaron viajes más extensos que los machos durante la etapa de incubación. Esto podría deberse a diferencias en las reservas corporales y en capacidades de alimentación relacionadas con su condición corporal. En ambos sexos, los viajes realizados durante la etapa de incubación fueron más prolongados, mientras que los realizados durante el cuidado temprano de pichones fueron más cortos. Los viajes de alimentación tuvieron menor duración cuando los pichones eran más pequeños y necesitaban de un mayor cuidado parental. Se registró un alto valor de éxito reproductivo (1.51 pichones por nido) comparado con el de colonias de las Islas Malvinas y Punta Tombo. Estos resultados podrían explicarse por diferencias en la disponibilidad de alimento en aguas cercanas a la colonia. El tamaño corporal de los padres no se relacionó con el éxito reproductivo. No obstante, las hembras con mayor tamaño corporal produjeron pichones de mayor tamaño al comienzo de la muda y nidadas de mayor calidad. La correlación positiva entre el tamaño de la hembra y el tamaño de los pichones al comienzo de la muda sugiere un aporte importante de las hembras en el desarrollo del pichón.The aim of this work was to study foraging trip duration and body size of male and female Magellanic Penguins during the breeding season and to determine the association of these parameters with both reproductive success and clutch quality in a colony located in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Trip duration differed significantly between sexes and between breeding stages. Females performed longer trips than males during incubation. We suggest that this could be due to differences in body reserves and foraging capabilities related with their body condition. In both sexes, foraging trips during incubation were longer than in the other stages, while the shortest trips were observed during early chick rearing. Trips were shorter when chicks were smaller and required greater parental care. A high value of reproductive success (1.51 chicks per nest) was recorded in comparison to that observed in colonies from the Malvinas Islands and Punta Tombo. These results could be related to differences in food availability in nearby waters. Body size of parents was not associated with reproductive success. Notwithstanding, larger females produced larger chicks at early moult and clutches of higher quality. The correlation between female body size and chick size at early moult suggests an important contribution of females on chick's development.Fil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Favero, Marco. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unido

New at-sea records of pelagic seabirds in the South Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica

In austral summer 1994-95, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 during a ship-based seabird survey in the south Atlantic and Antarctica we documented at-sea distributions of Buller´s albatross (Thalassarche bulleri), Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta), Softplumaged petrel (P. mollis), Kerguelen petrel (Lugensa brevirostris), and Great-winged petrel (P. macroptera). In some cases, sightings were considered as extralimital but for other species, their distributions need updating. Atlantic Petrel, for example, has been regularly observed in the Drake Passage and north of the Antarctic Peninsula for about 30 years, but the species distribution has not been updated in the literature. Our results will contribute to update the at sea species` distributions and their changes.Fil: Orgeira, Tomás José Luis. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto. Direccion Nacional del Antártico; Argetnina;Fil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas; Argentina;Fil: Torres, Monica Analia. Museo Acatushún de Aves y Mamíferos Marinos Australes; Argentina;Fil: Dellabianca, Natalia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas; Argentina

Colony attendance patterns of Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Isla Martillo, Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego: guidelines to minimize human disturbance

En este trabajo se analizó el patrón de actividad de la colonia de Pingüino de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus) en Isla Martillo, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Se determinó la variación temporal en el patrón general de ingresos y egresos de animales a la colonia durante las distintas etapas del ciclo reproductivo y se estimó el porcentaje de individuos en el mar. La distribución de frecuencias de individuos ingresando y egresando de la colonia difirió entre los distintos momentos del día, tanto entre las etapas del ciclo reproductivo como en cada una de ellas. Esta variación indicaría un patrón horario dinámico del flujo de animales. No obstante, se encontró un horario en el cual la actividad es mínima en la colonia. Asimismo, se observaron diferencias con otras colonias en los horarios de mayor actividad. A partir de estos resultados, se recomienda que el manejo turístico deba ser sitio-específico, y que los avistajes sin desembarco y las visitas guiadas se realicen entre las 10:00 y las 17:00 h a fin de minimizar los disturbios en horarios de mayor actividad para los pingüinos en la Isla Martillo. en el patrón general de ingresos y egresos de animales a la colonia durante las distintas etapas del ciclo reproductivo y se estimó el porcentaje de individuos en el mar. La distribución de frecuencias de individuos ingresando y egresando de la colonia difirió entre los distintos momentos del día, tanto entre las etapas del ciclo reproductivo como en cada una de ellas. Esta variación indicaría un patrón horario dinámico del flujo de animales. No obstante, se encontró un horario en el cual la actividad es mínima en la colonia. Asimismo, se observaron diferencias con otras colonias en los horarios de mayor actividad. A partir de estos resultados, se recomienda que el manejo turístico deba ser sitio-específico, y que los avistajes sin desembarco y las visitas guiadas se realicen entre las 10:00 y las 17:00 h a fin de minimizar los disturbios en horarios de mayor actividad para los pingüinos en la Isla Martillo.The aim of this study was to analyze the daily activity pattern in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Isla Martillo, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Departure and arrival times were evaluated throughout the breeding cycle and the frequency distribution of penguins at sea estimated. The frequency distribution of arrival and departure times between the three different stages and within each stage varied throughout the day. This variation indicated a dynamic pattern for both activities. Nevertheless, a range time with lower activity was found for the colony. Furthermore, differences on peak activities with other colonies were noted. Given these results we suggest that tourist management should be site-specific, and recommend that bird-watching and guided visits take place from 10:00 to 17:00 h in order to minimize disturbance during the peak activities of penguins at Martillo Island.Fil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Favero, Marco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unido

Erosive features caused by a magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) colony on martillo island, beagle channel, Argentina

Desde 1976 en la Isla Martillo (Canal Beagle, 54°54´26? S; 67°22´58? O) se asienta una colonia de pingüinos de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus). Allí se identifican geoformas de origen glacial y marino, entre las que se destacan: drumlin, terrazas glacifluviales y marinas, y playas. La vegetación de la isla está compuesta por fragmentos bosque localizados mayoritariamente en el E de la isla, y la superficie restante está cubierta de arbustos, matas y pastos. Este trabajo presenta a los pingüinos como agentes erosivos en las geoformas terrestres, glaciares y marinas. Se realizó una evaluación multi-criterio de relevamiento de campo. La geo data base se trabajó en el entorno GIS Quantum GIS® 3.2.1, utilizando imágenes satelitales y un modelo digital del terreno (MDT) de 12 m de resolución espacial, como base de referencia visual. Los datos morfométricos y la evaluación multi-criterio se recopilaron durante el verano austral 2016-2017. Se tomaron muestras de los suelos y sedimentos de cada forma de relieve (drumlin, terraza glacifluvial, playa elevada y playa) para analizar el tamaño de partícula, para determinar si existe alguna relación entre los parámetros morfométricos de la cueva y los sedimentos. Se definieron cuatro clases de bioerosión en función de las características de erosión observadas en el campo. "Moderada" fue la clase de erosión predominante, en la parte E-NE de la isla. Los rasgos erosivos se desarrollan principalmente en la ladera con orientación N del E de la isla, donde un barranco natural drena el agua de lluvia y sobre las superficies de las terrazas glacifluviales y marinas. Las características erosivas como las cuevas y los puentes se desarrollan principalmente en drumlins limosos. Los pedestales se desarrollan en suelos desnudos y matas. Los senderos y las grietas también se describieron como bioerosión. No se registraron características erosivas en la parte oeste de la isla. El mapa de bioerosión es uno de los insumos para el análisis de degradación ambiental y la investigación dinámica de la población que se está realizando en la colonia de pingüinos de Magallanes en la isla Martillo, Canal Beagle.An active Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colony has been established on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel (54°54´26? S; 67°22´58? W) since 1976. It is located in remnants of eroded drumlins placed in both ending and joined by gravel terraces of glaciofluvial and marine origin. Forest patches occupy the eastern side of the island while most of the island is covered by bushes, tussocks and grasses. This paper presents penguins as bio-erosion agents on glacial and marine landforms. An analysis of multiple criteria surveyed in the field was performed, using Quantum GIS® 3.2.1 with remote sensing images and a digital model terrain of 12 m resolution. The morphometric data and multicriterial evaluation were collected during 2016-2017 austral summer. Soils and sediments of each landform (drumlin, glaciofluvial terrace, raised beach and beach) were sampled for particle size analysis, to determine if there is any relationship between the morphometric parameters of the cave and the sediments. Four bio-erosion classes were defined based on the erosion features observed in the field. ?Moderate? was the prevailing erosion class recorded, in the E-NE part of the island. Bio-erosion features are mainly developed on the N facing slope of the east of the island, where a natural gully drains rainfall water, and over the glaciofluvial and marine terrace surfaces. Erosive features such as caves and bridges are mainly developed in silty drumlins. Pedestals are developed on bare soils and tussocks. Trails and cracks were also described as bio-erosion. No erosive features were recorded in the W part of the island. The bio-erosion map is one of the inputs for environmental degradation analysis and population dynamic research which is being done in the Magellanic penguin colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel.Fil: Quiroga, Diego Rubén Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Coronato, Andrea Maria Josefa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Santos González, Javier. Universidad de León; EspañaFil: López, C.R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Redondo Vega, José María. Universidad de León; Españ

Spatial Models of Abundance and Habitat Preferences of Commerson’s and Peale’s Dolphin in Southern Patagonian Waters

Funding: This research was possible with the support of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Funding for travel to and accommodation for NAD in Aberdeen, Scotland was provided by CONICET and Cetacean Society International. The work of NAD was part of a postdoctoral fellowship funded by CONICET. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Do penguins care about their neighborhood? Population implications of bioerosion in Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus, at Martillo Island, Beagle Channel, Argentina

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as bioerosion at nesting sites, regulate population dynamics and are relevant for the long-term conservation of penguins. Colony trends (between 2004-2022), were studied in a Magellanic penguin colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel, Argentina and compared between zones with contrasting degrees of erosion (high, medium, low). Individuals from each zone were characterized for foraging ecology, stress, and reproductive performance during the 2017-2018 breeding season to better understand the colony dynamics. foraging ecology, health, and reproductive output (for the 2017-2018 breeding season) were studied in a Magellanic penguin colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel, Argentina and compared between zones with contrasting degrees of erosion (high, medium, low). Changes in nest abundance varied in magnitude between nesting zones with different characteristics of occupation time, density and erosion. Declines in nest abundance in the densest, most eroded and longest occupied zone suggests that environmental degradation may be limiting the colony's carrying capacity.The colony size grew sharply until 2008, remained stable with fluctuations for several years, and slightly decreased over the recent ones. The decline was steeper within the high and medium erosion zones while the abundance remained relatively stable in the low erosion zone. A higher percentage of late breeders (probably younger breeders) occupied the less eroded and more recently occupied zone. Foraging, breeding and health parametersstress stress barely differed between zones. New individuals recruiting into the breeding colony choose select less eroded zones, either to reduce competition for nests or to avoid other effects of erosion and high-density areas. If this is the mechanism behind the shift in numbers throughout the island, we expect the island to be progressively occupied to the west. If competition or other density dependent factors are at play, a time will come when the vacant east side will begin to be recolonized by younger individuals. ButHowever, if erosion or other longer time -term effects spread throughout the islandare at play, recolonization may not occur and the colony may ultimately be abandoned as individuals search for new breeding grounds.Fil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Harris, Sabrina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Tourism at Martillo Island, Tierra del Fuego (Argentina): Are Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) feeling it?

Wildlifetourism is increasing all over the world, and its effects may be detrimental to the species involved. Negative effects of human visitation on seabirds may be worse at particularly stressful life stages such as breeding. The current studytook place at Martillo Island, Argentina, where approximately 4000 pairs of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) breed every year. Twogroups were defined: individuals nesting within 20 meters of the tourist trail(n=27) and individuals not breeding within sight of the tourists (n=54).Breeding adults were sampled during egg incubation (September/October 2017, n=31)and chick rearing in two distinct years with (2017) and without tourismvisitation in 2020 due to the global pandemic (December 2017/January 2017 andJanuary 2020, n=50). A drop of blood was extracted from the tarsal vein andblood smears were made. Smears were fixed with alcohol 70% and dyed with Giemsastain. Leucocyte types (lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils andneutrophils) were identified under optical microscope at x1000. Percentage ofeach cell type was estimated as well as the eosinophil/lymphocyte (E/L) and heterophil/lymphocyte(H/L) ratio as a proxy of immune response to parasites and long-term stress,respectively. For 2017, GLMs were generated with factor (tourism vs. no tourism)and stage (incubation or chick rearing) as fixed effects. Tourism had an effecton all values: higher percentage of heterophils (t=3.18, p<0.05), eosinophils(t=2.76,  p<0.05)  and heterophil/lymphocyte (t=4.22,  p<0.05) and eosinophil/lymphocyte ratios(t=3.45, p<0.05) and lower lymphocyte counts (t= 4.12, p<0.05) than inareas not visited by tourists with no differences between stages (incubation orchick rearing). In 2020, however, there were no differences in physiologicalparameters between birds nesting in areas usually visited vs. not visited bytourists (percentage of heterophils (t=0.96, p=0.34), eosinophils (t=1.00,  p=0.32) and lymphocyte counts (t= 0.87, p=0.39),and H/L (t=0.56,  p=0.58) and E/L ratios(t=1.07, p=0.29). These results are preliminary as a larger sample is needed overa more extended period of time. However, there seem to be differences inphysiological parameters of individuals exposed or not tourism and theseeffects are reverted once tourism does not occur. In view of these results, questionsrise as to the consequences of growing tourism on the Magellanic penguin colonyat Martillo Island.Fil: Harris, Sabrina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina3rd World Seabird ConferenceHobartAustraliaWorld Seabird Unio

The influence of tourist visitation on the heterophyl to lymphocyte ratios and trophic values of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Martillo Island, Argentina

Wildlife tourism is increasing worldwide and monitoring the impact of tourism on wild populations is of the utmost importance for species conservation. The Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus colony at Martillo Island, Argentina, was studied in the 2016–2020 breeding seasons. In all seasons, adults and chicks belonged to: (i) an area close to or within the tourist trail or (ii) an area far from the tourist trail and out of sight of the tourists. Blood samples were taken for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition, in order to estimate trophic niches, and for smears that were made in situ and were then stained in the laboratory where leucocyte counts and differentiation were made under optical microscope. Heterophil to lymphocyte ratios were used as proxies of stress. Repeated sampling showed individual stress levels reduced while wintering. In 2017, stress levels and trophic values were lower than 2018 for the same individuals. Trophic levels did not differ between tourism and no tourism areas within each season, and differed between 2017 and the remaining seasons, indicating a possible diet shift that year. Stress levels were higher for the tourism area than the no tourism area for adults and chicks in all years except for 2020, when stress levels in the tourism area were lower and similar to the no tourism area that year and previous years. Vessel transit within the Beagle Channel and tourist visitation to the penguin colony was greatly reduced in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. A combination of internal characteristics and external factors may be affecting the stress physiology of individuals. Therefore, future research should include sampling of multiple aspects of penguin physiology, behaviour and environmental context in order to evaluate each effect on Magellanic penguin stress and, ultimately, inform the conservation of this iconic species in time.Fil: Harris, Sabrina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unido

Breeding biology of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at the Beagle Channel: interannual variation and its relationship with foraging behaviour

Interannual variation in seabird foraging or reproductive behaviour may reflect fluctuations in marine resources. In this study, we evaluated different foraging and breeding parameters of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from Martillo Island in the Beagle Channel, and the relationships between these parameters at different stages within the season (incubation, early and late chick-rearing) over three consecutive breeding seasons (2006–2007, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009). In 2007, we observed greater adult foraging effort (longer foraging trip duration and vertical travel distance, VTD) and lower chick feeding frequency, together with a slower growth rate and later fledging date of chicks, which we suggest was linked to lower food availability near the colony that year. The increased foraging effort appeared to be compensated by enhanced feeding activity (e.g., number of wiggles per dive). However, this increase did not coincide with a larger amount of food load brought to colony, which may have been due to a change in the type or size of prey consumed by the penguins. Magellanic Penguins from Martillo Island showed great plasticity in foraging behaviour, as evidenced by changes in consumed prey type or increased foraging effort and feeding activity when the consumption of their main prey item, Sprattus fuegensis, seemed to decrease. Moreover, during this particular breeding season, although the growth rate of chicks was lower, the breeding success remained constant throughout the study period, suggesting that the penguins managed to compensate for the apparent decrease in Fuegian sprat.Fil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unido