Refluxing versus non-refluxing ureteric implantation in continent cutaneous urinary diversion: a propensity-scored comparison regarding long-term renal, metabolic and functional outcomes

Diese Dissertation hatte zum Gegenstand, einen Propensity-Score basierten Vergleich bezüglich langfristiger metabolischer, funktioneller und renaler Ergebnisse von refluxiver versus nicht-refluxiver Ureterimplantation bei kontinenter kutaner Harnableitung durchzuführen. Sie hatte zum Ziel, mögliche Vor- und/oder Nachteile einer solchen refluxiven Ureterimplantation aufzuzeigen. Zusätzlich wurde eine Technik zur Ureterimplantation an einer solchen Harnableitung vorgestellt, die noch keinen allgemeinen Eingang in die operative Urologie gefunden hat. Zwischen 1997 und Mitte 2018 erhielten 172 Personen eine heterotrope kontinente Harnableitung im Sinne eines MAINZ-Pouch I an der Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie des Würzburger Universitätsklinikums. Von diesen konnte bei 19 ein pouchorenaler Reflux nachgewiesen werden. Bei fünf Personen wurde eine Ureterimplantationstechnik im Sinne eines zuführenden Ileumrohrs verwendet. Dem Kontrollkollektiv wurden mittels Propensity-Score-Matchings 38 Teilnehmende zugewiesen. Die Auswertung ergab, dass beide Kollektive während des Follow-Up-Zeitraums hinsichtlich Nierenfunktion, Metabolik und Funktionalität des oberen Harntrakts vergleichbar waren. Das Auftreten einer neuen chronischen Nierenerkrankung wurde in beiden Gruppen gleich häufig beobachtet. Auch waren keinerlei Unterschiede bezüglich intra- oder postoperativer Komplikationen feststellbar. Die Laborparameter zeigten sich langfristig stabil und vergleichbar in beiden Kollektiven. Diese Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die refluxive Ureterimplantation an kontinenter Harnableitung sowohl für Primäreingriffe als auch für Revisionsoperationen als sicher und zuverlässig einzustufen ist. Dies gilt sowohl für das zuführende Ileumrohr als auch für andere refluxive Implantationstechniken. Die Vorteile des zuführenden Ileumrohrs liegen vor allem in der relativ einfachen Erlern- und Durchführbarkeit der Operationstechnik. Auch sind bei den so operierten Personen die Neoostien besser erreichbar, was eine einfachere bzw. bessere retrograde Manipulierbarkeit der Ureteren im Vergleich zur nicht-refluxiven Ureterimplantation ermöglicht. Diese Gegebenheiten erleichtern das Gesamtprocedere für den Operateur/die Operateurin und den behandelnden Arzt/die behandelnde Ärztin wesentlich und führen damit zu mehr Sicherheit. Daraus ergibt sich ein deutlicher Nutzen für alle in Frage kommenden zu operierenden Personen. Für sie steht eine weitere Implantationstechnik sowohl für die Primärsituation als auch für Revisionseingriffe zur Verfügung, die eine sichere Option mit gleichwertigem Outcome hinsichtlich zentraler Parameter darstellt und die dem Gesundheitssystem keine höheren Kosten verursacht. Jeder Mediziner und jede Medizinerin wünschen sich, in Entscheidungssituationen den Betroffenen aus mehreren möglichst guten Optionen die optimale Therapie für ihre konkrete Situation vorschlagen zu können. Die Möglichkeit dafür hat sich für die Ureterimplantation bei kontinenter kutaner Harnableitung mit der als mindestens gleichwertig anzusehenden refluxiven Implantation nunmehr verbessert. Die operative urologische Praxis wird um eine weitere sichere Methode erweitert.The purpose of this dissertation was to perform a propensity score-based comparison regarding long-term metabolic, functional, and renal outcomes of refluxive versus non-refluxive ureteric implantation in continent cutaneous urinary diversion. It aimed to highlight possible advantages and/or disadvantages of such refluxive ureteric implantation. In addition, a technique for ureteric implantation on such a urinary diversion was presented, which has not yet found general acceptance in surgical urology. Between 1997 and mid-2018, 172 individuals underwent heterotropic continent urinary diversion in terms of a MAINZ pouch I at the Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology at Würzburg University Hospital. Of these, pouchorenal reflux was detected in 19. In five subjects a ureteral implantation technique of a ileum tube was used. The control collective was assigned 38 participants using propensity score matching. Evaluation showed that both collectives were comparable during the follow-up period in terms of renal function, metabolic function, and upper urinary tract functionality. The occurrence of new chronic kidney disease was observed with equal frequency in both groups. Also, no differences regarding intra- or postoperative complications were detectable. Laboratory parameters showed long-term stability and were comparable in both collectives. This study concludes that refluxive ureteral implantation on a continent urinary diversion can be considered safe and reliable for both primary and revision surgery. The advantages of the ileum tube lie primarily in the relative ease with which the surgical technique can be learned and performed. Also, the neoostia are more accessible in individuals operated on in this manner, which allows for easier or better retrograde manipulation of the ureters compared with nonrefluxive ureteral implantation. These conditions significantly facilitate the overall procedure for the surgeon and the attending physician and thus lead to more safety. This results in a clear benefit for all persons who are to be operated on. For them, an additional implantation technique is available both for the primary situation and for revision surgery, which represents a safe option with an equivalent outcome with regard to central parameters and which does not cause higher costs for the health care system. In decision-making situations, every physician would like to be able to propose to the patient the optimal therapy for his or her specific situation from among several options that are as good as possible. The possibility for this has now improved for ureteral implantation in continent cutaneous urinary diversion with refluxive implantation, which is considered at least equivalent. The surgical urological practice is extended by another safe method

Troubleshooting of failed continence mechanisms in the ileocecal pouch: Operative technique and long-term results of the intussuscepted ileal nipple valve

Objectives To provide a detailed step-by-step operative technique, and to report on long-term functional and metabolic outcomes in secondary continence mechanisms in the form of secondary intussuscepted ileal nipple valves in revisional surgery of ileocecal pouches. Methods From May 1997 to May 2015, 18 female and 10 male patients suffering from dysfunctional primary continence mechanisms of their ileocecal pouch underwent revisonal surgery to create a secondary ileal nipple valve at our tertiary referral center. The average follow-up period was 65.4 months. Results After surgery, 24 patients were continent by day and night, and four patients showed minor incontinence with the use of a safety pad. The average frequency of clean intermittent catheterization decreased both during the day and at night. The diameter of the catheters used for clean intermittent catheterization increased significantly. No patient showed stomal stenosis, change of stool habits or metabolic situation in the follow-up period. Furthermore, the creation of the secondary ileal nipple valves did not affect the capacity of the reservoir. In the long-term follow up, two patients required the construction of a third continence mechanism, making for an overall success rate of 92% in the study group. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study of long-term results after the creation of secondary ileal nipple valves. We provide evidence that the creation of a secondary ileal nipple valve is a safe and reliable procedure for continence restoration in ileocecal pouches with excellent functional and metabolic long-term outcomes

Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011993Upon publication, the in situ data will be available for academic purposes through the NASA SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (http:// seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/), including NPP, NO3, and Zeu.The relative skill of 21 regional and global biogeochemical models was assessed in terms of how well the models reproduced observed net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental variables such as nitrate concentration (NO3), mixed layer depth (MLD), euphotic layer depth (Zeu), and sea ice concentration, by comparing results against a newly updated, quality-controlled in situ NPP database for the Arctic Ocean (1959–2011). The models broadly captured the spatial features of integrated NPP (iNPP) on a pan-Arctic scale. Most models underestimated iNPP by varying degrees in spite of overestimating surface NO3, MLD, and Zeu throughout the regions. Among the models, iNPP exhibited little difference over sea ice condition (ice-free versus ice-influenced) and bottom depth (shelf versus deep ocean). The models performed relatively well for the most recent decade and toward the end of Arctic summer. In the Barents and Greenland Seas, regional model skill of surface NO3 was best associated with how well MLD was reproduced. Regionally, iNPP was relatively well simulated in the Beaufort Sea and the central Arctic Basin, where in situ NPP is low and nutrients are mostly depleted. Models performed less well at simulating iNPP in the Greenland and Chukchi Seas, despite the higher model skill in MLD and sea ice concentration, respectively. iNPP model skill was constrained by different factors in different Arctic Ocean regions. Our study suggests that better parameterization of biological and ecological microbial rates (phytoplankton growth and zooplankton grazing) are needed for improved Arctic Ocean biogeochemical modeling.National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA)Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry (OBB)The project ‘‘Green Mercator’’National Program CNRS/LEFE/INSU.NSF Office of Polar ProgramsFP7 MyOcean2PAVE (Polish-Norwegian Research Program)Norwegian Supercomputing Project (NOTUR2)Research Council of Norway funded project ORGANICNASA Cryosphere programCNRM-CM climate modelMétéo-France/DSI supercomputingOcean Biology and Biogeochemistry (OBB) NNX13AE81GNSF Office of Polar Programs PLR- 1417925NSF Office of Polar Programs PLR-1416920FP7 MyOcean2 (project number 283367)Research Council of Norway funded project ORGANIC (239965/RU)NASA Cryosphere program (NNX15AG68G)