Beam Probe Imaging of Electron Density in the Chaotic Region of CHS

A neutral lithium beam probe (LiBP) for the Compact Helical System (CHS) has been extended to a two-dimensional imaging diagnostic (2-D-LiBP). Two-dimensional image of the plasma structure in the edge and separatrix region of the l = 2 helical device is obtained by changing the beam injection angle mechanically, shot-to-shot. The 2-D image has shown the asymmetric plasma structure in the edge separatrix region, suggesting that 2-D diagnostic is essential in the chaotic magnetic field region where magnetic surfaces are not defined by a flux function

Langzeit-Monitoring der Auswirkungen einer Umstellung auf den biologischen Landbau (MBUIL V), Abschlussbericht

Auf einem Ackerbaubetrieb im Marchfeld in Niederösterreich wird seit dem Jahr 2003 eine umfassende Langzeituntersuchung zur Dokumentation und Entwicklung des biologischen Landbaus und agrarökologischer Begleitmaßnahmen durchgeführt (www.mubil.boku.ac.at). In der Projektphase MUBIL V wurden im Jahr 2014 spezifische Themen aus dem Gesamtmonitoring ausgewählt und fortgeführt. Die Untersuchungen fanden auf Betriebs-, Schlag- und Parzellenebene statt. Die Ziele des Projektes waren: (a) Wissenschaftlich abgesicherte Erkenntnisse über das Ausmaß und die Geschwindigkeit von Veränderungen der pflanzenbaulichen Entwicklung mit der längerfristigen biologischen Bewirtschaftung zu erhalten. (b) Erkenntnisse über die Auswirkungen unterschiedliche Düngungssysteme viehloser und viehhaltender biologischer Bewirtschaftung mithilfe pflanzenbaulicher Untersuchungen über vergleichende Versuchsanstellungen zu erlangen. (c) Erkenntnisse über die Wirkungen von Blühstreifen mit unterschiedlichen Ansaatmischungen und Pflegemaßnahmen auf die Wildbienen zu dokumentieren

The ASDEX upgrade program targeting gaps to fusion energy

Recent experiments in ASDEX Upgrade aimed at improving the physics base for ITER and DEMO to prepare operation and aid the design. In order to increase its exhaust capabilities and operational flexibility, a new bulk W divertor as well as an adjustable cryopump had been installed prior to the 2014 campaign. In experiments with high-field-side pellet injection, central electron densities twice as high as the Greenwald density limit could be achieved without strongly increasing the pedestal density and deleterious effect on confinement. Due to its large installed heating power, a large normalized heat flux P-sep/R = 10 MWm(-1) has been reached, representing two-thirds of the ITER value, under partially detached conditions with a peak target heat flux well below 10 MWm(-2). The divertor load could be further reduced by increasing the core radiation, still keeping the confinement in the range of H-98 y2 approximate to 1. Suppression of edge-localized modes (ELMs) at low collisionality has been observed in a narrow spectral window in contrast to earlier results at high densities. The ITER Q = 10 baseline scenario has been investigated, matching as close as possible the triangularity, the plasma beta, q(95), and the distance to the L-H threshold. It turned out that the ELM frequency is low and consequently the energy ejected by a single ELM is very high and ELM mitigation appears to be difficult. As a possible alternative, a scenario has been developed achieving a similar performance at a lower plasma current (and consequently higher q(95)). Experiments using electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) with feedback-controlled deposition have allowed successfully testing several control strategies for ITER, including automated control of (3, 2) and (2, 1) neoclassical tearing modes during a single discharge. Concerning advanced scenarios, experiments with central ctr-ECCD have been performed in order to modify the q-profile. A strong reversal of the q-profile could be stationarily achieved and an internal transport barrier could be triggered. In disruption mitigation studies with massive gas injection (MGI), a runaway electron beam could be provoked and mitigated by a second MGI. Ongoing enhancements aim at strengthening the power supplies in order to allow full use of the installed heating power, the exchange of two ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) antennas to reduce the W influx during ICRH, and the upgrading of the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system to 7-8 MW for 10 s

Experiences With Tungsten Plasma Facing Components in ASDEX Upgrade and JET

ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) has been converted to all W plasma facing components (PFCs) in 2007 and JET has implemented the ITER like wall (ILW) project (2011) using the same PFC configuration as ITER during its active phase, namely Be in the main chamber and tungsten in the divertor. As a result of the all metal PFCs in both devices much less surface conditioning is needed to arrive at reproducible wall conditions. Specifically, the Be PFCs of JET led to a very small low- Z content (reduction of C and O by at least a factor of 10), reducing the edge radiation in steady-state operation as well as during disruptions. Both devices successfully employ massive gas injection to mitigate disruption forces and power loads to PFCs by radiating up to 100% of the available energy. Hydrogen retention is strongly reduced (AUG: factor 5, JET: factor 10) and the remaining retention is still dominated by codeposition with residual C in AUG and intrinsic Be in JET. The very low edge and divertor radiation could be compensated by impurity seeding either by a single gas species (N2) (AUG and JET) or by combining N2 and Ar (AUG) injection for divertor and main chamber radiation, respectively. The W sputtering in the divertor increases when seeding small amounts of N2, but decreases for higher fluxes due to the plasma cooling provided by the nitrogen radiation. The tungsten content is controlled by the source as well as by its edge and central transport. It could be kept sufficiently small by using a minimum gas fueling to reduce the W erosion and to diminish the W penetration. The control of the central W transport by central (wave) heating had been well established in AUG, however, in both devices the W content is increased during ICRH operation most probably due to increased W sputtering caused by rectified sheaths. The H-Mode threshold is reduced by 20%-30% in AUG and JET, but on average the confinement is lower in JET-ILW than with C PFCs. To date it is n- t yet clear, whether the reduced H-Mode confinement has to be attributed to the use of W PFCs, since such a clear trend as in JET was not found in AUG. The increase of confinement with N2 seeding observed in both devices hints to the fact, that low- Z impurities like carbon or nitrogen play a beneficial role for the pedestal confinement

‘An apple a day’?: psychiatrists, psychologists and psychotherapists report poor literacy for nutritional medicine: international survey spanning 52 countries /

Nutritional interventions have beneficial effects on certain psychiatric disorder symptomatology and common physical health comorbidities. However, studies evaluating nutritional literacy in mental health professionals (MHP) are scarce. This study aimed to assess the across 52 countries. Surveys were distributed via colleagues and professional societies. Data were collected regarding self-reported general nutrition knowledge, nutrition education, learning opportunities, and the tendency to recommend food supplements or prescribe specific diets in clinical practice. In total, 1056 subjects participated in the study: 354 psychiatrists, 511 psychologists, 44 psychotherapists, and 147 MHPs in-training. All participants believed the diet quality of individuals with mental disorders was poorer compared to the general population (p < 0.001). The majority of the psychiatrists (74.2%) and psychologists (66.3%) reported having no training in nutrition. Nevertheless, many of them used nutrition approaches, with 58.6% recommending supplements and 43.8% recommending specific diet strategies to their patients. Only 0.8% of participants rated their education regarding nutrition as ‘very good.’ Almost all (92.9%) stated they would like to expand their knowledge regarding ‘Nutritional Psychiatry.’ There is an urgent need to integrate nutrition education into MHP training, ideally in collaboration with nutrition experts to achieve best practice care

Real-time-capable prediction of temperature and density profiles in a tokamak using RAPTOR and a first-principle-based transport model

The RAPTOR code is a control-oriented core plasma profile simulator with various applications in control design and verification, discharge optimization and real-time plasma simulation. To date, RAPTOR was capable of simulating the evolution of poloidal flux and electron temperature using empirical transport models, and required the user to input assumptions on the other profiles and plasma parameters. We present an extension of the code to simulate the temperature evolution of both ions and electrons, as well as the particle density transport. A proof-of-principle neural-network emulation of the quasilinear gyrokinetic QuaLiKiz transport model is coupled to RAPTOR for the calculation of first-principle-based heat and particle turbulent transport. These extended capabilities are demonstrated in a simulation of a JET discharge. The multi-channel simulation requires ∼0.2 s to simulate 1 second of a JET plasma, corresponding to ∼20 energy confinement times, while predicting experimental profiles within the limits of the transport model. The transport model requires no external inputs except for the boundary condition at the top of the H-mode pedestal. This marks the first time that simultaneous, accurate predictions of Te, Tiand nehave been obtained using a first-principle-based transport code that can run in faster-than-real-time for present-day tokamaks