The anatomy of the small saphenous vein: Fascial and neural relations, saphenofemoral junction, and valves

PurposeVaricose veins are a frequent burden, also in the small saphenous system. Yet its basic anatomy is not described consistently. We therefore investigated the fascial and neural relationships of the small saphenous vein (SSV) as well as the frequency and position of valves and the different junctional patterns, also considering the thigh extension.Materials and MethodsWe dissected the legs of 51 cadavers during the regular dissection course held in winter 2007 at Innsbruck Medical University, with a total of 86 SSVs investigable proximally and 94 SSVs distally.ResultsA distinct saphenous fascia is present in 93 of 94 cases. It starts with a mean distance of 5.1 cm (SD 1.2 cm) proximal to the calcaneal tuber, where the tributaries to the SSV join to form a common trunk. The neural topography at the level of the gastrocnemius muscle's origins shows the medial sural cutaneous nerve in 88% medially and in 12% laterally to the SSV, the tibial nerve in 64% medially and in 36% laterally, and the common fibular nerve in 98% medially and in 2% laterally to the vein. The saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) resembled in about 37% type A (UIP-classification), 15% type B, and 24% type C. A total of 17% of specimens showed a venous web or star at the popliteal fossa and 6% had a doubled junction. A thigh extension could be demonstrated in about 84%. A most proximal valve was present in only 94% at a mean distance of 1.2 cm (SD 1.4 cm) to the SSVs orifice. A consecutive distal valve was only present in 65% with a mean distance of 5.1 cm (SD 2.3 cm).ConclusionTwo fascial points or regions can be described in the SSVs' course and its own saphenous fascia is demonstrated macroscopically in almost all cases. The neural topography is highly individual. The SPJ is highly individual where we found hitherto unclassified patterns in a remarkable number of veins. Venous valves are not as frequent as we supposed them to be. Furthermore, not all most proximal valves seem to be terminal valves.Clinical RelevanceOur study's aim is to support the basic understandings of the small saphenous system by providing exact anatomic data. This will help to understand physiology as well as pathophysiologic possibilities at the small saphenous system. On the other hand, our study especially can provide assistance for the vascular surgical approach at the popliteal fossa and also distally to the beginning of the trunk of the short saphenous vein itself

Malicious Cyber Operations, “Hackbacks” and International Law: An Austrian Example as a Basis for Discussion on Permissible Responses

In January 2020, Austria publicly announced that some of its governmental institutions have been hit by a significant malicious cyber operation and that it cannot be denied – at least for the moment – that a state was behind this operation. One month later, the Austrian Foreign Ministry declared the cyber operation to be officially over. While Austria noted that it took “countermeasures” against the operation, it is not entirely clear what it meant by that. This article elaborates the question what response options a state like Austria would have against a malicious cyber operation under the current framework of international law. It, hence, tries to answer when a “hackback” is lawful under international law and when it is not

Automatically identifying eviction cases and outcomes within case law of Dutch Courts of First Instance

In this paper we attempt to identify eviction judgements within all case law published by Dutch courts in order to automate data collection, previously conducted manually. To do so we performed two experiments. The first focused on identifying judgements related to eviction, while the second focused on identifying the outcome of the cases in the judgements (eviction vs. dismissal of the landlord’s claim). In the process of conducting the experiments for this study, we have created a manually annotated dataset with eviction-related judgements and their outcomes

Awareness, values and attitudes of user generated content website users and non-users towards privacy in Austria : a quantitative study

This research was carried out as part of CONSENT (Consumer sentiment regarding privacy on user generated content (UGC) services in the digital economy) a project that was funded by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013), Grant Agreement Number 244643.This document presents the Austrian results of a study undertaken as part of the CONSENT project. Analyses and results are based on an online survey regarding the awareness, values and attitudes of user generated content (UGC) website users towards privacy. The questionnaire consisted of 75 questions and was available online in several European languages, including German, between July and December 2011. The Austrian sample consists of 131 respondents (1.5% of the total sample), of which 62.1% male and 37.9% female, with an average age of 31 and 63.2% tertiary education. With 85% UGC users (total sample 90%), 13.04 mean years of internet usage (total sample 10.67) and 86.9% using the internet at home every day or almost every day (total sample 93%), it is considered a sample of predominantly experienced, frequent internet users who are very likely to also be UGC users.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582.peer-reviewe

Awareness, values and attitudes of user generated content website users and non-users towards privacy in Austria : a quantitative study

This research was carried out as part of CONSENT (Consumer sentiment regarding privacy on user generated content (UGC) services in the digital economy) a project that was funded by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013), Grant Agreement Number 244643.This document presents the Austrian results of a study undertaken as part of the CONSENT project. Analyses and results are based on an online survey regarding the awareness, values and attitudes of user generated content (UGC) website users towards privacy. The questionnaire consisted of 75 questions and was available online in several European languages, including German, between July and December 2011. The Austrian sample consists of 131 respondents (1.5% of the total sample), of which 62.1% male and 37.9% female, with an average age of 31 and 63.2% tertiary education. With 85% UGC users (total sample 90%), 13.04 mean years of internet usage (total sample 10.67) and 86.9% using the internet at home every day or almost every day (total sample 93%), it is considered a sample of predominantly experienced, frequent internet users who are very likely to also be UGC users.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 285582.peer-reviewe

Proceedings of LOAIT '07 : II Workshop on Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques June 4th, 2007, Stanford Universit