DROGENERSATZMITTEL – EIN NEUES KRIMINALITÄTSFELD?

The first chapter of the following article discusses measures in terms of substitution treatment of a program of the Austrian Minister of the Interior. The relevance of psychosocial measures and aims of substitution treatment for opioid-dependent patients is illuminated. The abstinence as the only goal definition is modified and by the results of the study PREMOS a target differentiation at addiction work is illustrated. The second chapter addresses the misuse of prescribed drugs. Thereby police report data will be analyzed and the market situation of opioids will be outlined.Der nachstehende Artikel diskutiert im ersten Abschnitt eine formulierte Maßnahme in Bezug auf Substitutionsbehandlung in einem Programm der österreichischen Innenministerin. Dabei wird die Relevanz psychosozialer Maßnahmen und Ziele der Substitutionsbehandlung für opioidabhängige PatientInnen beleuchtet. Die Abstinenz als einzige Zieldefinition wird relativiert und anhand der Ergebnisse der PREMOS Studie werden Zieldifferenzierungen der Suchtarbeit dargestellt. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird auf den Missbrauch von Substitutionsmittel eingegangen. Dabei werden polizeiliche Anzeigedaten analysiert und die Marktsituation von Opioiden skizziert

Auszug aus einem Schreiben des Herrn AstronomenSchwarzenbrunner, au den Herausgeber

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Auszug aus einem Schreiben des Herrn ProfessorsSchwarzenbrunner an den Herausgeber

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Water-Resistant Casein-Based Adhesives for Veneer Bonding in Biodegradable Ski Cores

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of casein-based adhesives for the bonding of ash (Fraxinus spp.) veneers for the manufacture of biodegradable skis. Different formulations containing casein powder, water, lime, sodium silicate, and various glue amounts were tested for shear strength after water storage, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Two other classic wood adhesives, namely epoxy and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) type D4 were used as control. The highest efficiency of both mechanical and physical properties was recorded for the samples glued with caseins and an increased amount of lime. There was also an affinity between casein adhesive distribution and physical and mechanical plywood performance. Moreover, the developed casein-based glues were also used to bond the plywood for ski cores and tested in real-life winter conditions

The Staining Effect of Iron (II) Sulfate on Nine Different Wooden Substrates

Leaving wooden façades uncoated has become popular in modern architecture, especially for large buildings like multi-story houses, in order to circumvent frequent maintenance, particularly repainting. To obtain a quick and even artificial graying of the entire façade that gradually turns into natural graying, a one-off treatment with iron (II) sulfate may be applied. Its mode of action is commonly ascribed to a reaction with phenolic wood extractives, especially hydrolyzable tannins. This does not however sufficiently explain iron (II) sulfate’s ability to color wood species containing only marginal amounts of phenolic extractives; moreover, little is known about the influence of the wooden substrate and light conditions on the color development of façades treated with iron (II) sulfate. In the present study, we investigated the influence of wood extractives, exposure conditions, and nine different wooden substrates on iron (II) sulfate’s staining effect. Spruce specimens with and without extractives were treated with a 4% iron (II) sulfate solution and exposed to sunlight behind window glass. Both wood types darkened slowly but significantly during 51 weeks of exposure. This shows that artificial graying with iron (II) sulfate (1) does not require precipitation unlike natural graying, (2) takes place without initial wood extractives, and (3) proceeds at a slow rate. Specimens protected from sunlight changed their color only slightly, suggesting that photo-induced phenoxyl and ketyl radicals from photolysis of lignin’s ether bonds oxidize iron (II) to iron (III). Specimens made of spruce, pine, larch, and western red cedar (WRC) and exposed outdoors decreased strongly in lightness during the first two months of exposure. In contrast, a staining effect of iron (II) sulfate in terms of artificial graying was not seen on acetylated radiata pine, possibly because iron ions are hindered from entering the cell wall. Specimens partly protected by a roof overhang showed an uneven color development; this is due to the protection from radiation and not from precipitation as is known for natural graying

Efficiency of High-Frequency Pressing of Spruce Laminated Timber Bonded with Casein Adhesives

This study identifies the importance of reducing press times by employing high-frequency pressing of spruce-laminated timber bound with sustainable casein adhesives. Spruce lamellas with dimensions of 12 × 10 × 75 cm were bonded into five-layered laminated timber and then separated into single-layer solid wood panels. Three types of casein (acid casein from two sources and rennin) were used. To compare the effectiveness of the casein formulation, two control samples bonded with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive were pressed at room temperature (20 °C) and also with high-frequency equipment. The tests included compression shear strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and screw withdrawal resistance on the wood panel surface and in the glue line. The average values of casein-bonded samples compression strengths ranged from 1.16 N/mm2 and 2.28 N/mm2, for modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured 85 N/mm2 to 101 N/mm2 and for modulus of elasticity (MOE) 12,200 N/mm2 to 14,300 N/mm2. The screw withdrawal resistance (SWR) on the surface of the wood panels ranged from 91 N/mm to 117 N/mm and in the adhesive line from 91 N/mm to 118 N/mm. Control samples bonded with PVAc adhesive did not perform better for compression shear strength, MOR and MOE, but for SWR in the adhesive line with 114 N/mm. Casein-bonded spruce timber pressed with HF equipment represents a sustainable new product with reduced press times, hazardous emissions and improved workability

Assessment of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in German national ice hockey players preparing for the world championship

Objectives Objectives were to examine subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the German ice hockey junior national team prior to the world championship to identify athletes of concern and areas of optimization with the intention of equally preventing injury and enhancing performance. Methods Twenty-one athletes (M$_{age}$ = 18.5 $\pm$ 0.6 years, M$_{height}$ = 181.7 $\pm$ 4.3 cm, M$_{weight}$ = 81.4 $\pm$ 7.1 kg), playing for national ($\it n$ = 13) and international ($\it n$ = 8) home clubs, answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before training camp (T1, day 1) and prior to tournament (T2, day 11). Results Overall, 9 players at T1 and 7 at T2 were identified as bad sleepers (PSQI > 5), while high sleepiness (ESS > 10) was found for 6 athletes at each measurement time. Group means and standard deviations reduced descriptively for PSQI (T1 = 5.38 $\pm$ 2.31, T2 = 4.57 $\pm$ 2.36) and ESS (T1 = 9.24 $\pm$ 3.74, T2 = 8.48 $\pm$ 3.28). Tendential differences were visible for PSQI in international-based players (Z = −1.7, $\it p$ = 0.09) and ESS in first-national-league players (Z = −1.73, $\it p$ = 0.08) over time. Higher PSQI values for international-based players (6.25 $\pm$ 2.6) were found compared to first-national-league (5.83 $\pm$ 1.60) and lower-league players (4.00 $\pm$ 2.08), with large effect sizes for lower-league compared to international ($\it d$ = 0.95) and national players ($\it d$ = 0.98) at T1 and small effect sizes compared to first-league players ($\it d$ = 0.24) at T2. Conclusion Findings emphasize great vulnerability and individuality and underline the importance of intraindividual sleep monitoring to meet the requirements needed to equally obtain health and enhance overall performance