The Effects of Training with Free Weights or Machines on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Testosterone and Cortisol Levels

Free weights are generally preferred over machines by practitioners of strength training because they involve incorporation of greater muscle mass because of the greater stabilization that is required. Using free weights may therefore allow one to gain more muscle mass and strength with chronic training; however, this has not been thoroughly addressed. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of training with free weights or machines on muscle mass, testosterone and cortisol concentrations, and strength. Fifteen males and twenty-one females aged 22 ± 3 y with previous weight training experience trained using only free weights or only machines for eight weeks. Hormone concentrations were assessed via saliva samples pre and post workout at the beginning, mid-way, and end of the study. Muscle thickness, lean tissue mass, and strength were measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Elbow flexor thickness increased significantly by 3.9% and a 5.1% in the free weight group and machine group, respectively (

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures quarterly progress report no. 15, july - september 1964

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperature

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures Quarterly report no. 4, Apr. 21 - Jul. 21, 1966

Aluminum 1099 and titanium alloys tested for tensile properties at cryogenic temperatures after irradiatio

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures Quarterly report no. 3, 21 Jan. - 21 Apr. 1966

Combined effects of fast neutron irradiation and cryogenic environment of mechanical properties of high purity titanium and aluminum, and titanium and aluminum alloy

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures Quarterly report, 21 Jul. - 21 Oct. 1966

Nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperature combined effects on mechanical properties of titanium and aluminum alloys used in nuclear rocket constructio

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures

Nuclear radiation effects on aluminum, titanium, vanadium, and tin alloys at cryogenic temperatur

Effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures Quarterly report no. 2, Oct. 21, 1965 - Jan. 21, 1966

Nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperature effects on tensile and fatigue properties of aluminum and titanium alloy

Architecture of high mobility group protein I-C.DNA complex and its perturbation upon phosphorylation by Cdc2 kinase.

The high mobility group I-C (HMGI-C) protein is an abundant component of rapidly proliferating undifferentiated cells. High level expression of this protein is characteristic for early embryonic tissue and diverse tumors. HMGI-C can function as an architectural factor enhancing the activity of transcription factor NF-kappaB on the beta-interferon promoter. The protein has three minor groove DNA-binding domains (AT-hooks). Here, we describe the complex of HMGI-C with a fragment of the beta-interferon promoter. We show that the protein binds to NRDI and PRDII elements of the promoter with its first and second AT-hook, respectively. Phosphorylation by Cdc2 kinase leads to a partial derailing of the AT-hooks from the minor groove, affecting mainly the second binding domain. In contrast, binding to long AT stretches of DNA involves contacts with all three AT-hooks and is marginally sensitive to phosphorylation. Our data stress the importance of conformation of the DNA binding site and protein phosphorylation for its function

Clostridioides difficile minimal nutrient requirements for flagellar motility

As many gastro-intestinal pathogens, the majority of Clostridioides difficile strains express flagella together with a complete chemotaxis system. The resulting swimming motility is likely contributing to the colonization success of this important pathogen. In contrast to the well investigated general energy metabolism of C. difficile, little is known about the metabolic requirements for maintaining the ion motive force across the membrane, which in turn powers the flagellar motor. We studied here systematically the effect of various amino acids and carbohydrates on the swimming velocity of C. difficile using video microscopy in conjunction with a software based quantification of the swimming speed. Removal of individual amino acids from the medium identified proline and cysteine as the most important amino acids that power swimming motility. Glycine, which is as proline one of the few amino acids that are reduced in Stickland reactions, was not critical for swimming motility. This suggests that the ion motive force that powers the flagellar motor, is critically depending on proline reduction. A maximal and stable swimming motility was achieved with only four compounds, including the amino acids proline, cysteine and isoleucine together with a single, but interchangeable carbohydrate source such as glucose, succinate, mannose, ribose, pyruvate, trehalose, or ethanolamine. We expect that the identified “minimal motility medium” will be useful in future investigations on the flagellar motility and chemotactic behavior in C. difficile, particularly for the unambiguous identification of chemoattractants