3,191 research outputs found

    The vicinal difluoro motif : the synthesis and conformation of erythro- and threo-diastereoisomers of 1,2-difluorodiphenylethanes, 2,3-difluorosuccinic acids and their derivatives

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    Background: It is well established that vicinal fluorines (RCHF-CHFR) prefer to adopt a gauche rather than an anti conformation when placed along aliphatic chains. This has been particularly recognised for 1,2-difluoroethane and extends to 2,3-difluorobutane and longer alkyl chains. It follows in these latter cases that if erythro and threo vicinal difluorinated stereoisomers are compared, they will adopt different overall conformations if the fluorines prefer to be gauche in each case. This concept is explored in this paper with erythro- and threo- diastereoisomers of 2,3-difluorosuccinates. Results: A synthetic route to 2,3-difluorosuccinates has been developed through erythro- and threo- 1,2-difluoro-1,2-diphenylethane which involved the oxidation of the aryl rings to generate the corresponding 2,3- difluorosuccinic acids. Ester and amide derivatives of the erythro- and threo- 2,3-difluorosuccinic acids were then prepared. The solid and solution state conformation of these compounds was assessed by X-ray crystallography and NMR. Ab initio calculations were also carried out to model the conformation of erythro- and threo- 1,2-difluoro-1,2-diphenylethane as these differed from the 2,3-difluorosuccinates. Conclusion: In general the overall chain conformations of the 2,3-difluorosuccinates diastereoisomers were found to be influenced by the fluorine gauche effect. The study highlights the prospects of utilising the vicinal difluorine motif (RCHF-CHFR) as a tool for influencing the conformation of performance organic molecules and particularly tuning conformation by selecting specific diastereoisomers (erythro or threo).Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

    CAP-reform and the provision of non-commodity outputs in Brandenburg

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    This paper presents an attempt to model the response of selected farms to decoupled direct payments and the associated impact on the provision of a defined set of non-commodity outputs (NCO’s) using a combined modelling approach consisting of the AgriPoliS and MODAM models. AgriPoliS focuses on the socio-economic dimension of multifunctionality at the individual farm and regional levels and explicitly models heterogeneous farms (in size, location and efficiency) within a competitive and dynamic environment. The linear-programming model MODAM allows a detailed representation of production processes and their impact on the environmental dimension of multifunctionality at the farm level. We simulate the impact of a uniform area payment and a fully decoupled single farm payment. Our case study region is the district Ostprignitz-Ruppin in Brandenburg. Results show that the decoupling schemes create a trade-off between the NCO’s and that adjustment reactions differ between farms depending on their legal form, size, and production.decoupling, multifunctionality, non-commodity outputs, modelling, simulation, policy analysis, ecological indicators, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use,

    Interpretation of electron-proton scattering at low Q^2

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    Low-Q^2 photons do not resolve partons in the proton, which gives problems when applying the deep inelastic scattering formalism, such as an unphysical, negative gluon density extracted from data. Considering instead hadronic fluctuations of the photon, we show that the generalised vector meson dominance model (GVDM) gives a good description of the measured cross section at low Q^2, i.e. reproduces F_2(x,Q^2), using only few parameters with essentially known values. Combining GVDM and parton density functions makes it possible to obtain a good description of F_2 data over the whole range of x and Q^2.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures. Discussion extended, references added, figures updated with additional results. Accepted for publication in Physics Letters

    Besser Lesen am Bildschirm? : Nutzerbeobachtung mittels Eyetracking und Interviews geben Einblicke in das Online-Lesen

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    Ziel der transdisziplinĂ€ren Vorstudie war es, herauszufinden, ob ein Softwareprodukt mithilfe von spezieller Textauszeichnung die Informationsverarbeitung beim Online-Lesen verĂ€ndern kann. Mittels Nutzerbeobachtung wurden quantitative Daten zur Lesegeschwindigkeit und Behaltensleistung und qualitative Daten zum Leseverhalten erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine niedrige Lesegeschwindigkeit und keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen ausgezeichneten und normalen Texten. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich bei der Behaltensleistung eine messbare Differenz und die Eyetracking-Daten lieferten einen Hinweis fĂŒr eine verĂ€nderte Informationsaufnahme. Die Interviews gaben einen Einblick in das individuelle Leseverhalten. Kurzum, die Vorstudie konnte erste Anhaltspunkte aufzeigen, dass das Softwareprodukt die Informationsverarbeitung verĂ€ndern kann. Weiterhin lieferte sie wertvolle Erkenntnisse fĂŒr das Testdesign kĂŒnftiger Studien, die auch fĂŒr PraktikerInnen in der Produktentwicklung interessant sind

    L'Arc jurassien en perspective

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    L' Arcjurassien a mandatĂ© la CEAT pour rĂ©aliser un petit atlas cartographique en vue de la deuxiĂšme Ă©dition de la plate-forme de concertation de l'Arc jurassien suisse qui s'est tenu le 25.03.2010. Les cartes et analyses de l’Arc jurassien en perspective sont autant de regards portĂ©s sur ce massif, scrutant successivement le paysage, l’urbanisation, les rĂ©seaux et les flux, la dĂ©mographie, l’économie et ses spĂ©cialitĂ©s, avec la volontĂ© de produire une information aussi actuelle que le permettent les donnĂ©es disponibles, aussi transfrontaliĂšre que l’autorisent les dĂ©finitions statistiques suisses et françaises, et aussi pertinente que l’exige la spĂ©cificitĂ© du contexte jurassien. La cartographie prend le pari de bouleverser certaines conventions pour faire de l’Arc jurassien le vĂ©ritable objet du discours visuel

    Typologie des espaces-frontiùres à l’heure de la globalisation

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    Cet essai est une contribution Ă  la thĂ©orisation des effets frontiĂšres, proposant une vision synthĂ©tique sous forme de typologie. Celle-ci thĂ©matise le changement de nature du rĂŽle des frontiĂšres et de leur impact spatial : Ă  partir des territoires contigus des frontiĂšres traditionnelles, on passe aux espaces fonctionnels de relations Ă©conomiques et politiques dĂ©sormais insĂ©rĂ©es dans la globalisation.AprĂšs l’illustration de la construction du tableau typologique et des concepts qui sont Ă  sa base, chaque cas est briĂšvement prĂ©sentĂ© dans ses caractĂ©ristiques concernant le rĂŽle de la frontiĂšre, ses effets et l’éventuelle gestion des discontinuitĂ©s.This essay is a contribution to the theory of border effects, offering a synthetic vision in the form of a typology. It thematizes the changing nature of the role of borders and their spatial impact: from contiguous territories of traditional boundaries, moving to the functional areas of economic and political relationships now inserted into globalization.Following the illustration of the construction of the typological table and the concepts that are at the base, each case is briefly presented in there characteristics on the role of the border, its effects and possible governance of discontinuities

    Le vote suisse pour la limitation des résidences secondaires

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    Pour la Suisse, les Alpes jouent un rĂŽle identitaire important et c’est ce massif qui a forgĂ© l’image du pays depuis les dĂ©buts du tourisme aux XVIIIe et XIXe siĂšcles. Dans un pays fĂ©dĂ©raliste qui laisse de larges compĂ©tences de dĂ©cision aux Ă©chelles cantonales et communales, les intĂ©rĂȘts locaux et nationaux quant au dĂ©veloppement de cet espace peuvent diverger fortement. La votation populaire du 11 mars 2012 sur l’initiative Franz Weber stipulant l’interdiction de la construction de nouvelles rĂ©sidences secondaires dans les communes touristiques a Ă©tĂ© un exemple flagrant d’une telle opposition. L’acceptation de l’initiative, certes avec une majoritĂ© trĂšs courte, a Ă©tĂ© une grande surprise ; son empreinte est gĂ©ographique, dessinant une ligne de sĂ©paration trĂšs nette entre les cantons alpins et prĂ©alpins versus les cantons du Plateau et du Jura. Cet article propose une analyse spatiale de ce vote et le met dans une perspective historique. En effet, parmi toutes les votations Ă  caractĂšre environnemental ou paysager soumises au peuple depuis 1950, on ne trouve qu’une seule autre – en 1965 contre « le renchĂ©rissement dans le domaine de la construction » – qui ait montrĂ© un mĂȘme clivage territorial que la votation de 2012. Dans tous les autres scrutins de ce type, d’autres clivages – linguistiques, confessionnels ou rĂ©gionaux – se sont superposĂ©s et ont permis Ă  la population des Alpes de trouver des alliĂ©s. L’article pose la question de savoir si la solidaritĂ© sĂ©culaire des centres urbains avec les Alpes tend Ă  s’estomper

    Anterior Lumbar Interbody Implants: Importance of the Interdevice Distance

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    Object. The implantation of interbody fusion cages allows for the restoration of disc height and the enlargement of the neuroforaminal space. The purpose of this study was to compare the extent of subsidence occurring after conventional cage placement compared to a novel wider cage placement technique. Methods. This study is a retrospective evaluation of radiographs of patients who underwent stand-alone single level anterior lumbar interbody fusion with lordotic titanium cages and rhBMP-2. Fifty-three patients were evaluated: 39 patients had wide cage placement (6 mm interdevice distance) and 14 had narrow cage placement (2 mm interdevice distance). Anterior and posterior intervertebral disc space heights were measured post-operatively and at follow-up imaging. Results. The decrease in anterior intervertebral disc space height was 2.05 mm versus 3.92 mm (P < .005) and 1.08 mm versus 3.06 mm in posterior disc space height for the wide cage placement and the narrow cage placement respectively. The proportion of patients with subsidence greater than 2 mm was 41.0% in the wide cage patients and 85.7% for the narrow cage patients (P < .005). Conclusions. The wider cage placement significantly reduced the amount of subsidence while allowing for a greater exposed surface area for interbody fusion
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