Achieving Efficient and Realistic Full-Radar Simulations and Automatic Data Annotation by Exploiting Ray Meta Data from a Radar Ray Tracing Simulator

In this work, a novel radar simulation concept for efficiently simulating realistic radar data for range, Doppler, and arbitrary antenna positions is introduced. With the concept, the simulated radar signal can also be automatically annotated by splitting it into multiple parts. Annotations that are almost perfect - including the annotation of exotic effects, such as multi-path - can be produced with this approach. Signal parts originating from different parts of an object can be labelled with it as well. To this end, the computation process used in a Monte Carlo shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) simulator is adapted. By considering the hits of each simulated ray, various meta data can be stored, such as hit position, mesh pointer, object IDs, and many more. This collected meta data can then be utilized to predict path-length changes caused by object motion to obtain Doppler information or to apply specific ray filter rules to obtain radar signals that only fulfil specific conditions, such as multiple bounces, or signals that contain specific object IDs. Using this approach, perfect, and otherwise almost impossible, annotation schemes can be realized

Potato field-inoculation in Ecuador with Rhizophagus irregularis: no impact on growth performance and associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities.

A field trial was conducted in two localities of the Ecuadorian Andes to evaluate potato (Solanum tuberosum c.v. INIAP - Fripapa) response to inoculation with four commercial products containing the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) strain Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198. In parallel, potato roots were analysed using 454 GS-FLX+ sequencing of c. 800 bp of the nuclear LSU rRNA gene to assess the associated AMF communities. To evaluate inoculation success, sequence reads of R. irregularis on the root samples were compared between inoculated and not inoculated plants by analysing the frequency of occurrence (FO) and relative read abundance (RA). None of the commercial products significantly increased potato yield. Instead, the AMF communities were dominated by an unknown Acaulospora sp. (Sp14) found at high FO and RA in both localities. Rhizophagus irregularis was found in most of the roots of both inoculated and not inoculated plants at both localities. However, its abundance was unexpectedly low indicating poor inoculum establishment. Clearly, many factors have to be taken in consideration for the successful application of AMF-based inoculants. For the Ecuadorian field trials, several causes may explain the lack or poor establishment of R. irregularis such as inoculation technique, agricultural practices, biotic and abiotic conditions and competition with native AMF species

Experimental confirmation of the delayed Ni demagnetization in FeNi alloy

Element-selective techniques are central for the understanding of ultrafast spin dynamics in multi-element materials, such as magnetic alloys. Recently, however, it turned out that the commonly used technique of the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect (T-MOKE) in the extreme ultraviolet range may have issues with unwanted crosstalk between different elemental signals and energy-dependent non-linear response. This problem can be sizeable, which puts recent observations of ultrafast spin transfer from Fe to Ni sites in FeNi alloys into question. In this study, we investigate the Fe-to-Ni spin transfer in a crosstalk-free time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiment with a reliable time reference. With XMCD near the absorption maxima, we find a very similar Fe and Ni dynamics as with T-MOKE from identical samples. Considering the potential non-linearities of the T-MOKE response, such a good agreement in our findings is remarkable. Our data provide the ongoing discussion about ultrafast spin-transfer mechanisms in FeNi systems with a broader experimental basis