Paratopie : Quand l’analyse du discours littéraire (se) joue des frontières

Depuis quelque vingt ans, Dominique Maingueneau, linguiste et professeur à l’Université Paris XII, s’applique à théoriser l’analyse du discours littéraire tout en cherchant à la faire reconnaître comme discipline des études littéraires, en invoquant une « rectification des frontières » épistémologiques dans ce domaine. Au centre de cette théorie se trouve une notion clé, un principe invariant appelé paratopie. Malgré un succès relatif, cette notion présenterait un problème de taille : celui de placer, dans la même catégorie, l’analyse du discours littéraire et l’objet de son analyse. À partir de ce constat, que Maingueneau souligne lui-même, ce sont les implications épistémologiques et la valeur opératoire de la paratopie que cet article tente de mettre en lumière afin de comprendre la réticence des spécialistes d’autres orientations critiques à reconnaître le bien-fondé de la démarche de Maingueneau.For about twenty years, Dominique Maingueneau, a linguist and professor at the University of Paris XII, has attempted to theorize literary discourse analysis while promoting its recognition as a discipline of literary studies by favoring a “rectification of epistemological borders” in this area. This involves a concept central to this theory, an invariant principle called paratopie. Despite relative success, this concept presents the problem of putting the analysis of literary discourse and the paratopie, which is a major part of hits subject, in the same category. Because of this, as Maingueneau himself emphasizes, this article tries to highlight this particular phenomenon of the entanglement of metadiscursive and discursive levels, in order to understand, on one hand, the epistemological implications of the paratopie, and, on the second hand, the reticence of some literary specialists to recognize literary discourse analysis on the very basis of this concept

Design Concept for High Speed Railway Bridges in Regions with High Seismic Activity and Soft Soil

At present, public transport for mid distances is more and more covered by modern high speed railway links with many examples all over the world being already under construction or in the design process. In case of soft soil conditions or urban areas, many of these projects are being realized as an elevated railway structure utilizing regular viaducts. In seismic active regions earthquake design mainly governs the overall design concept of the bridges, particularly of the piers and foundations. Thus, on the one hand, the structure has to exhibit enough stiffness under serviceability conditions (limitation of rail stresses; safety requirements for high speed trams) while on the other hand, flexibility, energy dissipation and ductility is advantageous with respect to a severe earthquake event. Since the earthquake excitation normally governs the whole structural design in case of high seismicity it is necessary to consider the dynamic loading as early as possible in order to come up with an optimal solution. Modem and efficient numerical simulations using e.g. the Finite Element Method are enabling the design engineers to study the bridge structures under static and dynamic loading conditions, taking into account geometrical and physical nonlinear effects. The following paper describes the design process of a high speed train structure which has been planned in Taiwan. All results presented herein have been gained during the tender phase of the project which has been finalized in the beginning of the year 2000. The bridge structure has been designed as simply supported viaducts consisting of 35 m and 30 m spans. Each span is supported by four reinforced concrete columns at each end, which are supported by 4 piles (see Fig. 1). The bridge spans have been designed as pre stressed box girders, which will be prefabricated and installed at the construction site. Hereby, two earthquake levels have been included, moderate intensity for the serviceability check (elastic response of the structure) and severe earthquake for the ultimate load limit check (elasto-plastic response). The evaluation of the dynamic response has been performed with plane and spatial beam models applying linear and non-linear time history analysis. More practical methods, based on linear superposition principles, such as equivalent static loads or multiple mode response spectrum method have been used for comparison. Time history analyses have been performed by utilizing synthetic acceleration time histories (one and multidimensional), compatible with the governing response spectra. The non-linear elasto-plastic analyses for the severe earthquake situation has been carried out using a single pier model. The advantages for the design by performing a full physical nonlinear analysis will be demonstrated. In addition, displacements and rail stresses as well as the influence of the wave-passage effect have been studied by means of an overall dynamic multi-span model, taking into account a non-linear rail-track bond behavior

Genetic and morphological differentiation between Melica ciliata L. and M. transsilvanica Schur (Poaceae) in Europe reveals the non-presence of M. ciliata in the Polish flora

A good knowledge of species delimitation is crucial for the biodiversity protection and the conservation of wild species. We studied the efficiency of AFLP markers and morphological characters to assist species determination for Melica ciliata L. and M. transsilvanica Schur within European range of distribution, including isolated and range-limit populations of "M. ciliata" (i.e. M. cf. ciliata) from the Polish Sudetes, where it is regarded as critically endangered. AFLP markers were found to be more effective then morphological characters (more or less continuous) in distinguishing the both studied species. AMOVA revealed very low genetic diversity within populations and high differentiation among populations of M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica (FST = 0.89 and 0.95, respectively). The species-diagnostic AFLP markers of M. transsilvanica shared with "M. ciliata" from the Sudetes were detected. On the other hand, no species-diagnostic genetic markers of M. ciliata or hybrid-diagnostic markers of M. × thuringiaca were found within "M. ciliata". PCoA and NJ showed an overlapping genetic diversity of "M. ciliata" and M. transsilvanica. Hierar­chical AMOVA supported the absence of a significant genotypic distinction between "M. ciliata" and M. transsilvanica. ANOVA showed that the length ratio of lower to upper glumes was the best morphological character to discriminate between M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica. Combined morphological and genetic data show that M. ciliata is not currently present in Poland as its putative Polish populations represent M. transsilvanica. A significant decrease in genetic varia­bility that could influence viability was not observed the in Sudetian populations of M. transsilvanica. However, the population size changes significantly as a result of plant succession. Correction of the northern limit of the continuous distribution of M. ciliata L. in Central Europe is presented

Neue Beobachtungen im südlichen Teile der Provinz

Von Oberlehrer Schub

Beitrag zur numerischen Simulation des Wirbelsäulenverhaltens eines Kraftfahrers infolge durch Straßenunebenheiten induzierter Ganzkörperschwingungen

In the course of human evolution, the anatomy of the body has been optimally adapted to static vertical loading. However, many of today’s professionals, such as truck or bus drivers, have to work under conditions of sustained low-level vibrations. The main reason why such vibrations lead to vertebral disc damage is that the muscles are unable to compensate for the cyclic loading imposed to the spine, and therefore cannot adequately protect the spine from the mechanical forces induced by these vertical vibrations. Especially long-term exposure to whole-body vibrations (WBV) in a driving environment contributes to early degeneration of the lumbar spinal system. In order to evaluate the effects of the vibration environment likely to be encounterd by professional drivers, a numerical simulation tool has been developed. Essential elements of the simulation system are a profile generator, a numerical model of a truck and a three-dimensional model of the human upper body including the head, spine and pelvis. The uneveness of the road in the longitudinal direction can be described mathematically by its spectral density. Based on the technique of autoregressive filters, a profile generator has been developed which is in a position to calculate arbitrary long profiles of roads satisfying given quality standards. To estimate the impact of the whole-body vibrations induced by the road uneveness to the human body, a three-dimensional model of the human spine, torso and head has been developed using the finite element method. The model is used to study the response of the lumbar spinal system to the vibrations induced by the uneveness profiles of different road quality levels. The simulation environment enables the engineer to compare the damage potential of different uneveness profiles as a function of the mechanical forces developed in the lumbar spine

Catch 22: The Rising Concern of Faith Being Removed From Counseling and the First Amendment Concerns Associated

This article addresses a growing concern for a religious counselor. State statutes in California and New Jersey have been passed, banning the practice of sexual orientation change efforts for minors. Counseling students are being discharged from their programs for “discriminating,” leading some to believe that this is the future for licensed counselors. This article examines the recent statutory enactments, recent case law, the ACA Code of Ethics, and an analysis of the issue moving forward

Beitrag zur numerischen Simulation des Wirbelsäulenverhaltens eines Kraftfahrers infolge durch Straßenunebenheiten induzierter Ganzkörperschwingungen

In the course of human evolution, the anatomy of the body has been optimally adapted to static vertical loading. However, many of today’s professionals, such as truck or bus drivers, have to work under conditions of sustained low-level vibrations. The main reason why such vibrations lead to vertebral disc damage is that the muscles are unable to compensate for the cyclic loading imposed to the spine, and therefore cannot adequately protect the spine from the mechanical forces induced by these vertical vibrations. Especially long-term exposure to whole-body vibrations (WBV) in a driving environment contributes to early degeneration of the lumbar spinal system. In order to evaluate the effects of the vibration environment likely to be encounterd by professional drivers, a numerical simulation tool has been developed. Essential elements of the simulation system are a profile generator, a numerical model of a truck and a three-dimensional model of the human upper body including the head, spine and pelvis. The uneveness of the road in the longitudinal direction can be described mathematically by its spectral density. Based on the technique of autoregressive filters, a profile generator has been developed which is in a position to calculate arbitrary long profiles of roads satisfying given quality standards. To estimate the impact of the whole-body vibrations induced by the road uneveness to the human body, a three-dimensional model of the human spine, torso and head has been developed using the finite element method. The model is used to study the response of the lumbar spinal system to the vibrations induced by the uneveness profiles of different road quality levels. The simulation environment enables the engineer to compare the damage potential of different uneveness profiles as a function of the mechanical forces developed in the lumbar spine

Geschichtstheater und Kulturwille, oder: Aneignung, historisch: Der Wiederaufbau des Nationaltheaters München

Theatern kam im Wiederaufbau nach 1945 zentrale gesellschaftliche Relevanz zu – als öffentliche Bauaufgabe bildeten sie widersprüchliche Orte (stadt-)gesellschaftlicher Sinnstiftung sowie der Erprobung einer demokratischen Planungs- und Baukultur. Aus einer wissensgeschichtlichen Perspektive, die Raum mit Henri Lefebvre als Produkt sozialer Praxis versteht, kann das Wiederaufbauen von Theatern als historischer Aneignungsprozess ruinierter urbaner Räume befragt werden. Welche Praktiken prägen die diskursive Aushandlung um den gesellschaftlichen Ort Theater? Welche Bedeutung kommt städtischen Öffentlichkeiten als Akteuren des Bauens zu? Wie bestimmt Wissen um Geschichte, Kultur und Gesellschaft die bauliche Praxis und architektonische Ästhetik? Der Blick auf die historische Theaterbaupraxis und ihre gesellschaftspolitischen Implikationen anhand des Wiederaufbaus des Nationaltheaters München (1954–1963) kann dabei als historische Folie auch aktuelle Debatten zum Umgang mit dem Theaterbauerbe der Nachkriegszeit informieren