Alt-Hebräische Lyrik

Seit der griechisch-lateinischen und jüdisch-christlichen Antike und in immer erneuten Rückgriffen auf diese beiden Traditionen haben die Völker Europas einen großen Schatz von Gedichten geschaffen, die die Epochen ihrer Geschichte zum Ausdruck gebracht und selbst mit geformt haben. Während Mythos, Epos und Roman die großen Geschichten der Welt und der Götter, der Völker und Helden erzählt haben, hat das Gedicht schon früh die Ich-sagende Stimme geschaffen und ihr so ermöglicht, sich in den großen und kleinen Ereignissen der Zeit zu Gehör und Geltung zu bringen; Gefühle, Haltungen, Werte auszuprobieren und so neue Mentalitäten vorzubereiten. Diese Arbeitsteilung zwischen Gedicht und Erzählung bleibt in den Vorlesungen dieses Buches immer im Blick, weil sie die inzwischen entwickelten Zugriffsweisen der Erzählforschung, der Narratologie, nutzen, um die besonderen Möglichkeiten der Lyrik zu entdecken. So sieht man klarer, welche Rolle Gedichte und Lieder spielen in der Subjektivierung der Religion und der Liebe seit den Reformationen, wie sie die Freisetzung des Individuums in der Aufklärung fördern und eine neue Natur- und Kunstreligion einüben, den Nationalismus des 19. Jahrhunderts stimulieren und mit gewagten Experimenten neue Haltungen im Prozess der modernen Zivilisation einzunehmen. Die Fachdisziplinen haben diesen gemeinsamen Schatz untereinander verteilt und damit fast aus den Augen verloren. Die öffentliche Vorlesung aber hat ihn den Beteiligten wieder sichtbar gemacht, immer am Beispiel und in einer allen zugänglichen Sprache, die in diesem Buch erhalten geblieben ist.Since ancient Greek-Latin and Judeo-Christian antiquity and also in a constant return to these two traditions the people of Europe have created a great treasure trove of poems. These poems have expressed and shaped the eras of their history. While myth, epic and novel have told the great stories of the world and of the gods, peoples and heroes, the poem created the ego-telling voice at an early age and thus enabled her to make herself heard and accentuated in the great and small events of the time; to try out feelings, attitudes, values and thus to prepare new mentalities. This division of labour between poem and narrative is always kept in view in the lectures of this book, because they use the now developed approaches of narrative research, narratology, to discover the special possibilities of poetry. Thus, one can see more clearly what role poems and songs play in the subjectivization of religion and love since the Reformation, how they promote the liberation of the individual in the Enlightenment, how they promote a new religion of nature and art, how they stimulate the nationalism of the 19th century and how to adopt new attitudes in the process of modern civilization with daring experiments. The specialist disciplines have distributed this common treasure among themselves and thus almost lost sight of it. The public lecture, however, has made it visible to those involved, always using the example and in a language accessible to all, which has been preserved in this book

Spectral Control via Multi-Species Effects in PW-Class Laser-Ion Acceleration

Laser-ion acceleration with ultra-short pulse, PW-class lasers is dominated by non-thermal, intra-pulse plasma dynamics. The presence of multiple ion species or multiple charge states in targets leads to characteristic modulations and even mono-energetic features, depending on the choice of target material. As spectral signatures of generated ion beams are frequently used to characterize underlying acceleration mechanisms, thermal, multi-fluid descriptions require a revision for predictive capabilities and control in next-generation particle beam sources. We present an analytical model with explicit inter-species interactions, supported by extensive ab initio simulations. This enables us to derive important ensemble properties from the spectral distribution resulting from those multi-species effects for arbitrary mixtures. We further propose a potential experimental implementation with a novel cryogenic target, delivering jets with variable mixtures of hydrogen and deuterium. Free from contaminants and without strong influence of hardly controllable processes such as ionization dynamics, this would allow a systematic realization of our predictions for the multi-species effect.Comment: 4 pages plus appendix, 11 figures, paper submitted to a journal of the American Physical Societ

Percutaneous aortic valve replacement: valvuloplasty studies in vitro

Objective: Valvuloplasty of the aortic valve is currently used in selected patients for severe calcified aortic valve disease, but clinical effectiveness is low and complication rate remains high. In this study, the total particle load after valvuloplasty and the embolization risk of calcific debris into the coronary arteries was analyzed in an in vitro model. Methods: Three highly calcified human aortic leaflets have been sutured into a porcine annulus (N=9). Both coronary arteries were separated and each was anastomized to a silicon line, which was drained off into a measuring beaker. Then valvuloplasty was performed (Thyshak II, 20mm, 1.5atm). After removal of the balloon, 100ml of sodium chloride solution irrigated the ascending aorta. After passing through the separated coronary arteries, the solution was filtered (filter size 0.45μm), dried, and the total amount of particles was analyzed microscopically. Results: Nine experiments were analyzed. After valvuloplasty, all hearts showed a median of 18 particles larger than 1mm in the coronary arteries (range 0-307). The amount of particles smaller than 1mm was 6574 (median, range 2207-14200). In five cases, coronary arteries were completely occluded by bulky particles. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a large amount of calcific particles after valvuloplasty with a consequently high risk for coronary embolic events in case of highly calcified aortic valves. In times of valvuloplasty rediscovering as part of transcatheter valve implantation, the risk of embolization should be taken into consideration and filtering techniques have to be develope

Remarkable performance recovery in highly defective perovskite solar cells by photo-oxidation

Exposure to environmental factors is generally expected to cause degradation in perovskite films and solar cells. Herein, we show that films with certain defect profiles can display the opposite effect, healing upon exposure to oxygen under illumination. We tune the iodine content of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite from understoichiometric to overstoichiometric and expose them to oxygen and light prior to the addition of the top layers of the device, thereby examining the defect dependence of their photooxidative response in the absence of storage-related chemical processes. The contrast between the photovoltaic properties of the cells with different defects is stark. Understoichiometric samples indeed degrade, demonstrating performance at 33% of their untreated counterparts, while stoichiometric samples maintain their performance levels. Surprisingly, overstoichiometric samples, which show low current density and strong reverse hysteresis when untreated, heal to maximum performance levels (the same as untreated, stoichiometric samples) upon the photooxidative treatment. A similar, albeit smaller-scale, effect is observed for triple cation and methylammonium-free compositions, demonstrating the general application of this treatment to state-of-the-art compositions. We examine the reasons behind this response by a suite of characterization techniques, finding that the performance changes coincide with microstructural decay at the crystal surface, reorientation of the bulk crystal structure for the understoichiometric cells, and a decrease in the iodine-to-lead ratio of all films. These results indicate that defect engineering is a powerful tool to manipulate the stability of perovskite solar cells

Time-resolved optical shadowgraphy of solid hydrogen jets as a testbed to benchmark particle-in-cell simulations

Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are a superior tool to model kinetics-dominated plasmas in relativistic and ultrarelativistic laser-solid interactions (dimensionless vectorpotential $a_0 > 1$). The transition from relativistic to subrelativistic laser intensities ($a_0 \lesssim 1$), where correlated and collisional plasma physics become relevant, is reaching the limits of available modeling capabilities. This calls for theoretical and experimental benchmarks and the establishment of standardized testbeds. In this work, we develop such a suitable testbed to experimentally benchmark PIC simulations using a laser-irradiated micron-sized cryogenic hydrogen-jet target. Time-resolved optical shadowgraphy of the expanding plasma density, complemented by hydrodynamics and ray-tracing simulations, is used to determine the bulk-electron temperature evolution after laser irradiation. As a showcase, a study of isochoric heating of solid hydrogen induced by laser pulses with a dimensionless vectorpotential of $a_0 \approx 1$ is presented. The comparison of the bulk-electron temperature of the experiment with systematic scans of PIC simulations demostrates that, due to an interplay of vacuum heating and resonance heating of electrons, the initial surface-density gradient of the target is decisive to reach quantitative agreement at \SI{1}{\ps} after the interaction. The showcase demostrates the readiness of the testbed for controlled parameter scans at all laser intensities of $a_0 \lesssim 1$

Efficient laser-driven proton acceleration from cylindrical and planar cryogenic hydrogen jets.

We report on recent experimental results deploying a continuous cryogenic hydrogen jet as a debris-free, renewable laser-driven source of pure proton beams generated at the 150 TW ultrashort pulse laser Draco. Efficient proton acceleration reaching cut-off energies of up to 20 MeV with particle numbers exceeding 109 particles per MeV per steradian is demonstrated, showing for the first time that the acceleration performance is comparable to solid foil targets with thicknesses in the micrometer range. Two different target geometries are presented and their proton beam deliverance characterized: cylindrical (∅ 5 μm) and planar (20 μm × 2 μm). In both cases typical Target Normal Sheath Acceleration emission patterns with exponential proton energy spectra are detected. Significantly higher proton numbers in laser-forward direction are observed when deploying the planar jet as compared to the cylindrical jet case. This is confirmed by two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell (2D3V PIC) simulations, which demonstrate that the planar jet proves favorable as its geometry leads to more optimized acceleration conditions

CTD observations in the coastal transition zone off Northern California, 18-27 June 1988

Wecoma cruise W8806A was conducted in June 1988 as part of the pilot study for the Coastal Transition Zone project. CTD observations were made over a standard grid in the coastal transition zone off northern California between 37° N and 39.5° N that was to be occupied repeatedly during June, July and August; this cruise was to complete the first survey. Altogether 60 stations were completed successfully. They were concentrated along six alongshore transects. Maximum sampling depth at all stations was 500 m. Temperature, salinity, light transmission and fluorescence were measured at all stations. This report presents vertical profile plots and tabulations of data at selected depths for each station; vertical sections of temperature, salinity and potential density anomaly (sigma-theta) for the alongshore sections; and maps of temperature, salinity, potential density anomaly and dynamic topography at selected depths

CTD observations in the coastal transition zone off Northern California, 9-18 June 1987

Wecoma cruise W8706A was conducted in June 1987 as part of the pilot study for the Coastal Transition Zone project. CTD observations were made in the coastal transition zone off northern California between 37.5°N and 41.5°N and along 43°13'N off Coos Bay, Oregon. Altogether 133 stations were completed successfully. They were concentrated along three alongshore transects, at distances of 60, 90 and 150 km from the coast. Maximum sampling depth at most stations was 500 m. Temperature, salinity, light transmission and fluorescence were measured at all stations. This report presents vertical profile plots and tabulations of data at selected depths for each station; vertical sections of temperature, salinity and potential density anomaly (sigma-theta) for the long alongshore and cross-shore sections; and maps of temperature, salinity, potential density anomaly, dynamic topography and fluorescence at selected depths