Епідигматичний модус англійських числівників

У статті розглядаються англійські числівники, денумеративи та їх епідигматичний модус. Семантична структура порівнюваних груп розглядаються на векторах їх походження та модифікації. Частиномовна представленість досліджується на просторах їх граматичного, семантичного і словотворчого буття. Визначаються перспективи подальшого дослідження. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30551В статье исследуются английские числительные, денумеративы, а также их эпидигматичекие аспекты. Семантическая структура сравниваемых единиц изучается на векторах семантики, грамматики и словотворчества. Намечаются перспективы дальнейшего исследования. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30551The article in question deals with the English numerals, denumerals and their epidigmatic tendencies. The semantic structures of both groups are being focused upon. The words under analysis are viewed in terms of their initial and secondary grounds. The item of part of speech charge is being considered in terms of grammatical, semantic and epidigmatic aspects. Thus, the modus of the paradigmatic groups have been considered wide perspectives for further investigation. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3055

Structurally controlled landscape evolution in Kula badlands, Western Turkey

Badlands are extensively eroded landscapes consisting of weakly consolidated deposits within highly dense drainage systems. Their controlling and shaping factors can differ in relation to various internal and external conditions and processes that are not always well understood. This study focuses on the development of a badland landscape affecting Miocene and Quaternary sand-clay sediments in the extensional tectonic regime of Western Turkey with a multidisciplinary approach. The area between Kula and Selendi towns exhibits a badland topography with extensively eroded surface features, deepened gullies within poorly consolidated, sand clay-sized sediments. The results of structural field mapping and morphometric analyses using a 5 m resolution DEM to study the role of structural control in the development of badlands are presented in this study. Field data analysis supported by the quantitative assessment of longitudinal gully profiles illustrates the role of pre-existing structures as faults, their orientation and geometry in net erosion-sedimentation and the development of deepened gully networks. Representative illustrations, field photographs and block diagrams are presented to show the relationship between the rock structure and badland landscape. The connection between the extensional tectonics, erosional dynamics and geomorphology point to a structurally-controlled landscape in the Kula badlands in Western Turkey

Cross-comparison of last glacial radiocarbon and OSL ages using periglacial fan deposits

Two cores from a Weichselian periglacial alluvial fan were dated using 14C and OSL, to verify the reliability of both methods and check the upper dating limit of the 14C method. Both dating methods yielded a similar chronology for core Eerbeek-I, with infinite 14C dates for the lower part where OSL dates indicated ages of over 45 ka. Finite 14C dates were obtained throughout the core for Eerbeek-II, despite stratigraphic and OSL evidence suggesting ages beyond 14C limits. Apparently, additional chemical pre-treatment to remove younger carbon fractions did not work adequately for samples from this core. We hypothesize that this may be related to a larger influence of younger-age humin fractions in the mainly sandy Eerbeek-II deposits compared to those buffered by a thick peat layer of Eerbeek-I. We suggest that (local) stratigraphy, percolation and humification processes may impact 14C ages of organic deposits more than commonly assumed, and should receive more attention. In addition, we introduce a new method to assess robustness and validity of OSL dates and demonstrate the applicability of OSL dating methods in this setting. Our results highlight that the 14C method requires additional verification methods, such as OSL, for deposits older than 30 ka

Multiscale soil-landscape process modeling

This chapter deals with the aspects of scale in soil-landscape modeling and presents a thorough review of the importance and effect of scale, including space and time resolution and the extent of space and time. The introduction covers the importance of the landscape in soil science and modeling throughout the past centuries, presents the aspects of soil-landscape modeling and scale issues, and briefly discusses sustainability and human influence, introduced as the fifth dimension. The general objective of this chapter is to illustrate the role of soils and geomorphological processes in the multiscale soil-landscape context. To illustrate and investigate this multiscale role, a simple model is used, with only a few parameters, which can be applied at different scales. Modeling results are given for the effects of changing spatial extension and resolution of a digital elevation model (DEM) and changing temporal extension (i.e., number of time steps) for these different DEMs' resolutions and extensions. The results are discussed in the context of scale problems occurring in hydrological and geo morphological modeling approaches, such as (1) emerging properties, (2) spatial heterogeneity of processes, (3) nonlinear behavior of process rates in time, (4) threshold dependency, (5) varying dominant processes, and (6) differing responses to disturbances. The example presented in this chapter, although with only a limited set of variables, indicates a spatial and temporal scale resolution- and extension-dependent response for different DEMs to the same set of input param eters, thus illustrating the multiscale character of the landscape and the existence of many of the well-known scale problems within the soil-landscape context

New geomorphometric variables for non-continuous hillslopes – Assessing the value for digital soil mapping

We present a set of new geomorphometric variables that express landscape position relative to breaklines in hillslopes, and test whether these variables are of value in explaining soil property variation in three study sites in the United States, the Netherlands, and Spain. Underlying this work is the recognition that slope breaks, such as cliff lines, lynchets, and large slumped blocks, are associated with processes that affect soil formation around them. For each study site, we digitized slope breaks and calculated vertical and horizontal distance to the nearest lower and higher slope breaks, as well as the relative position between multiple slope breaks, the slope increase at the next higher slope break, and the slope decrease at the next lower slope break. We then assessed the value of these geomorphometric variables in the prediction of slope properties by simple linear regression. At each study site, models were fitted to existing soil observations using a traditional set of geomorphometric variables, and the traditional set plus our newly developed variables. Model comparison indicated that the new variables substantially improved model fit and reduced model error for the site in the United States (Kansas, n = 100), improved model fit but did not reduce model error for the site in the Netherlands (Limburg, n = 192), and did not solve model overfitting issues for the small dataset in Spain (Malaga, n = 66)

Sensitivity analysis of relationships between hydrograph components and landscapes metrics extracted from digital elevation models with different spatial resolutions

Evaluation of sensitivity of hydrograph components and landscape metrics extracted from various spatial resolutions reveals relationships between landscape metrics and outflow properties with the lowest error. In the present study, 14 Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) with different resolutions derived from a vector and raster-radar source were analyzed to evaluate sensitivity of relationships between simulated hydrograph components and landscape metrics using multiple regression methods in the Galazchai Watershed, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. To this end, DEM, slope, flow length and direction and time of concentration were developed in the vector and raster scales of 1:25000 and Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1 (ALOS) with different resolutions using ArcGIS 10.5 and ArcHydro software. Accordingly, 588 Direct Runoff Hydrographs (DRHs) were produced and clustered using Clark's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) model. The results showed that the best regression fits for flood volume and peak discharge were determined with Number of Disjunct Core Areas (NDCA) and Patch Density (PD) landscape metrics. Furthermore, the best regression fitted for time to peak and base time were observed with Core Area (CA) and Normalized Landscape Shape Index (NLSI) landscape metrics. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows that the most sensitive spatial resolutions in modeling relationship between flood volume and peak discharge were determined at 5, 10, 20, and 30 m. The results revealed that hydrograph components in association with landscape metrics had high sensitivity to spatial resolutions, while the relationships between hydrological components and landscape metrics without considering the optimal spatial resolutions resulted in unacceptable results.</p

Accuracy of sedimentgraph modeling from topography map scale and DEM mesh size

The evaluation of scale effects on modeling performance of sedimentgraphs as the ultimate outputs of the hydrological simulation is vital for adaptive watershed management. The present study therefore analyzed effectability of simulated sedimentgraphs components in association with different topographic maps with various vector scales. The whole procedure was materialized to select the critical scale and cell size for the Galazchai Watershed, Iran. To this end, the stormwise sedimentgraphs were modeled for 23 recorded events using the Clark's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) model stemmed for developing Instantaneous Unit Sedimentgraphs (IUSGs) incorporated with dimensionless sediment concentration distribution (DSCD) based on the vector scales of 1:25000, 1:50000, 1:100000 and 1:250000 and cell sizes of 5, 10, 20 30, 50, 100 and 200 m. Some 644 direct sedimentgraphs (DSGs) were then evaluated based on Relative Errors (REs) for sediment volume, peak sediment, time to peak, base time and the Coefficient of Efficiency (CE). The results confirmed that REs for peak sediment, time to peak and CE were sensitive to cell size. The results further verified that the cell sizes of 5, 20, 30, 50 and 100 m were critical cell sizes in viewpoint of time to peak. In addition, the vector scales of 1:50000 with cell size of 50 m, and 1:100000 with cell sizes of 5 and 10 m were critical vector scales and cell sizes based on RMSE evaluation criterion. It is concluded from the current research that the accuracy of simulation of sedimentgraph was influenced by map scales and mesh sizes.</p

Use of LAPSUS_LS model to investigate vegetation influence on catchment slope stability – A case of study in Llano Bonito, Costa Rica

Use of LAPSUS_LS model to investigate vegetation influence on catchment slope stability – A case of study in Llano Bonito, Costa Rica. 4th International Conference on Soil Bio- and Eco-engineering - The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability (SBEE2016

Catchment response to lava damming: integrating field observation, geochronology and landscape evolution modelling

Combining field reconstruction and landscape evolution modelling can be useful to investigate the relative role of different drivers on catchment response. The Geren Catchment (~45 km2) in western Turkey is suitable for such a study, as it has been influenced by uplift, climate change and lava damming. Four Middle Pleistocene lava flows (40Ar/39Ar- dated from 310 to 175 ka) filled and dammed the Gediz River at the Gediz–Geren confluence, resulting in base-level fluctuations of the otherwise uplift-driven incising river. Field reconstruction and luminescence dating suggest fluvial terraces in the Geren Catchment are capped by Middle Pleistocene aggradational fills. This showed that incision of the Geren trunk stream has been delayed until the end of MIS 5. Subsequently, the catchment has responded to base-level lowering since MIS 4 by 30 m of stepped net incision. Field reconstruction left us with uncertainty on the main drivers of terrace formation. Therefore, we used landscape evolution modelling to investigate catchment response to three scenarios of base-level change: (i) uplift with climate change (rainfall and vegetation based on arboreal pollen); (ii) uplift, climate change and short-lived damming events; (iii) uplift, climate and long-lived damming events. Outputs were evaluated for erosion–aggradation evolution in trunk streams at two different distances from the catchment outlet. Climate influences erosion–aggradation activity in the catchment, although internal feedbacks influence timing and magnitude. Furthermore, lava damming events partly control if and where these climate-driven aggradations occur. Damming thus leaves a legacy on current landscape evolution. Catchment response to long-duration damming events corresponds best with field reconstruction and dating. The combination of climate and base level explains a significant part of the landscape evolution history of the Geren Catchment. By combining model results with fieldwork, additional conclusions on landscape evolution could be draw

Impaired mitochondrial complex I function as a candidate driver in the biological stress response and a concomitant stress-induced brain metabolic reprogramming in male mice

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