Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in onion roots from organic and conventional farming systems in the Netherlands

Diversity and colonization levels of naturally occurring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in onion roots were studied to compare organic and conventional farming systems in the Netherlands. In 2004, 20 onion fields were sampled in a balanced survey between farming systems and between two regions, namely, Zeeland and Flevoland. In 2005, nine conventional and ten organic fields were additionally surveyed in Flevoland. AMF phylotypes were identified by rDNA sequencing. All plants were colonized, with 60% for arbuscular colonization and 84% for hyphal colonization as grand means. In Zeeland, onion roots from organic fields had higher fractional colonization levels than those from conventional fields. Onion yields in conventional farming were positively correlated with colonization level. Overall, 14 AMF phylotypes were identified. The number of phylotypes per field ranged from one to six. Two phylotypes associated with the Glomus mosseae-coronatum and the G. caledonium-geosporum species complexes were the most abundant, whereas other phylotypes were infrequently found. Organic and conventional farming systems had similar number of phylotypes per field and Shannon diversity indices. A few organic and conventional fields had larger number of phylotypes, including phylotypes associated with the genera Glomus-B, Archaeospora, and Paraglomus. This suggests that farming systems as such did not influence AMF diversity, but rather specific environmental conditions or agricultural practice

Mainstreaming van integratiebeleid: een beleidsreactie op superdiversiteit?

Waar modellen voor integratiebeleid van oudsher gebaseerd zijn op traditionele en duidelijk gemarkeerde migrantengroepen, verwijst de recente discussie rondom superdiversiteit (Vertovec, 2007) juist naar multidimensionale verschuivingen in migratiepatronen en de sterk toegenomen diversiteit tussen groepen onderling en van de samenleving als geheel (Vertovec, 2007; Meissner & Vertovec, 2015). Beschouwd vanuit deze superdiversiteitsleer wordt beleid gericht op traditionele migrantendoelgroepen gezien als een simplificatie van de diversiteit binnen en tussen migrantengroepen. Daarnaast roept de diversificatie van de samenleving als geheel vragen op over de richting en invulling van integratiebeleid gericht op bijvoorbeeld assimilatie, aangezien de samenleving zelf ook sterk verandert als gevolg van migratie (Crul, 2016). Hoe verhoudt deze oproep tot het in acht nemen van het multidimensionele karakter van diversiteit zich tot de platte praktijk van beleidsmaatregelen op het gebied van integratie en migratiediversiteit

A new puzzle for random interaction

We continue a series of numerical experiments on many-body systems with random two-body interactions, by examining correlations in ratios in excitation energies of yrast $J$ = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 states. Previous studies, limited only to $J$ = 0,2,4 states, had shown strong correlations in boson systems but not fermion systems. By including $J \ge 6$ states and considering different scatter plots, strong and realistic correlations appear in both boson and fermion systems. Such correlations are a challenge to explanations of random interactions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

The Politics of Mainstreaming

Svrha rada. Ustanoviti razliku u višestrukim mjerenjima broja B linija u opažača s niskom razinom iskustva u plućnoj sonografiji te utvrditi mogućnost reproducibilnosti rezultata. Ispitanici i postupci. Istraživanje je provedeno na četrdeset mehanički ventiliranih pacijenata u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja starijih od 18 godina. Ultrazvučni pregled pluća izveden je u medioklavikularnoj liniji lijevog i desnog hemitoraksa, u drugom i četvrtom interkostalnom prostoru. Izbrojen je ukupan maksimalan broj B linija vidljivih na ekranu u jednom trenutku s time da prikaz i evaluacija nisu trajali duže od deset sekundi. Nakon petnaest minuta se pregled ponovio. Rezultati. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je opažač očitovao prosječno veće vrijednosti broja B linija u drugom mjerenju nego u prvom, ali ta razlika nije statistički značajna (P=0.083). Zaključak. Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u broju B linija pri višetrukim pregledima pluća u opažaća s niskom razinom iskustva.Objectives. The purpose of this research was to determine intra-rater reliability of quantifying B-lines in an observer with a low level of experience in pulmonary sonography and to determine the possibility of reproducibility of this results. Methods. The study was conducted on forty mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit aged above eighteen. The ultrasound lung examination was performed in the medioclavicular line of the left and right hemithorax , in the second and fourth intercostal space. The total number of B lines displayed on the screen was counted. Quantification lasted less than ten seconds. After fifteen minutes, the examination was repeated. Results. The study showed that the observer had averaged higher values in the second measurement than in the first, but that difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.083). Conclusion. There is no statistically significant intra-observer difference in the number of B lines quantified in the observer with a low experience level