278 research outputs found
Biaxial Nematic Order in Liver Tissue
Understanding how biological cells organize to form complex functional tissues is a question of key interest at the interface between biology and physics. The liver is a model system for a complex three-dimensional epithelial tissue, which performs many vital functions. Recent advances in imaging methods provide access to experimental data at the subcellular level. Structural details of individual cells in bulk tissues can be resolved, which prompts for new analysis methods. In this thesis, we use concepts from soft matter physics to elucidate and quantify structural properties of mouse liver tissue.
Epithelial cells are structurally anisotropic and possess a distinct apico-basal cell polarity that can be characterized, in most cases, by a vector. For the parenchymal cells of the liver (hepatocytes), however, this is not possible. We therefore develop a general method to characterize the distribution of membrane-bound proteins in cells using a multipole decomposition. We first verify that simple epithelial cells of the kidney are of vectorial cell polarity type and then show that hepatocytes are of second order (nematic) cell polarity type. We propose a method to quantify orientational order in curved geometries and reveal lobule-level patterns of aligned cell polarity axes in the liver. These lobule-level patterns follow, on average, streamlines defined by the locations of larger vessels running through the tissue. We show that this characterizes the liver as a nematic liquid crystal with biaxial order. We use the quantification of orientational order to investigate the effect of specific knock-down of the adhesion protein Integrin Ăź-1.
Building upon these observations, we study a model of nematic interactions. We find that interactions among neighboring cells alone cannot account for the observed ordering patterns. Instead, coupling to an external field yields cell polarity fields that closely resemble the experimental data. Furthermore, we analyze the structural properties of the two transport networks present in the liver (sinusoids and bile canaliculi) and identify a nematic alignment between the anisotropy of the sinusoid network and the nematic cell polarity of hepatocytes. We propose a minimal lattice-based model that captures essential characteristics of network organization in the liver by local rules. In conclusion, using data analysis and minimal theoretical models, we found that the liver constitutes an example of a living biaxial liquid crystal.:1. Introduction 1
1.1. From molecules to cells, tissues and organisms: multi-scale hierarchical organization in animals 1
1.2. The liver as a model system of complex three-dimensional tissue 2
1.3. Biology of tissues 5
1.4. Physics of tissues 9
1.4.1. Continuum descriptions 11
1.4.2. Discrete models 11
1.4.3. Two-dimensional case study: planar cell polarity in the fly wing 15
1.4.4. Challenges of three-dimensional models for liver tissue 16
1.5. Liquids, crystals and liquid crystals 16
1.5.1. The uniaxial nematic order parameter 19
1.5.2. The biaxial nematic ordering tensor 21
1.5.3. Continuum theory of nematic order 23
1.5.4. Smectic order 25
1.6. Three-dimensional imaging of liver tissue 26
1.7. Overview of the thesis 28
2. Characterizing cellular anisotropy 31
2.1. Classifying protein distributions on cell surfaces 31
2.1.1. Mode expansion to characterize distributions on the unit sphere 31
2.1.2. Vectorial and nematic classes of surface distributions 33
2.1.3. Cell polarity on non-spherical surfaces 34
2.2. Cell polarity in kidney and liver tissues 36
2.2.1. Kidney cells exhibit vectorial polarity 36
2.2.2. Hepatocytes exhibit nematic polarity 37
2.3. Local network anisotropy 40
2.4. Summary 41
3. Order parameters for tissue organization 43
3.1. Orientational order: quantifying biaxial phases 43
3.1.1. Biaxial nematic order parameters 45
3.1.2. Co-orientational order parameters 51
3.1.3. Invariants of moment tensors 52
3.1.4. Relation between these three schemes 53
3.1.5. Example: nematic coupling to an external field 55
3.2. A tissue-level reference field 59
3.3. Orientational order in inhomogeneous systems 62
3.4. Positional order: identifying signatures of smectic and columnar order 64
3.5. Summary 67
4. The liver lobule exhibits biaxial liquid-crystal order 69
4.1. Coarse-graining reveals nematic cell polarity patterns on the lobulelevel 69
4.2. Coarse-grained patterns match tissue-level reference field 73
4.3. Apical and basal nematic cell polarity are anti-correlated 74
4.4. Co-orientational order: nematic cell polarity is aligned with network anisotropy 76
4.5. RNAi knock-down perturbs orientational order in liver tissue 78
4.6. Signatures of smectic order in liver tissue 81
4.7. Summary 86
5. Effective models for cell and network polarity coordination 89
5.1. Discretization of a uniaxial nematic free energy 89
5.2. Discretization of a biaxial nematic free energy 91
5.3. Application to cell polarity organization in liver tissue 92
5.3.1. Spatial profile of orientational order in liver tissue 93
5.3.2. Orientational order from neighbor-interactions and boundary conditions 94
5.3.3. Orientational order from coupling to an external field 99
5.4. Biaxial interaction model 101
5.5. Summary 105
6. Network self-organization in a liver-inspired lattice model 107
6.1. Cubic lattice geometry motivated by liver tissue 107
6.2. Effective energy for local network segment interactions 110
6.3. Characterizing network structures in the cubic lattice geometry 113
6.4. Local interaction rules generate macroscopic network structures 115
6.5. Effect of mutual repulsion between unlike segment types on network structure 118
6.6. Summary 121
7. Discussion and Outlook 123
A. Appendix 127
A.1. Mean field theory fo the isotropic-uniaxial nematic transition 127
A.2. Distortions of the Mollweide projection 129
A.3. Shape parameters for basal membrane around hepatocytes 130
A.4. Randomized control for network segment anisotropies 130
A.5. The dihedral symmetry group D2h 131
A.6. Relation between orientational order parameters and elements of the super-tensor 134
A.7. Formal separation of molecular asymmetry and orientation 134
A.8. Order parameters under action of axes permutation 137
A.9. Minimal integrity basis for symmetric traceless tensors 139
A.10. Discretization of distortion free energy on cubic lattice 141
A.11. Metropolis Algorithm for uniaxial cell polarity coordination 142
A.12. States in the zero-noise limit of the nearest-neighbor interaction model 143
A.13. Metropolis Algorithm for network self-organization 144
A.14. Structural quantifications for varying values of mutual network segment repulsion 146
A.15. Structural quantifications for varying values of self-attraction of network segments 148
A.16. Structural quantifications for varying values of cell demand 150
Bibliography 152
Acknowledgements 17
Dynamic curvature regulation accounts for the symmetric and asymmetric beats of Chlamydomonas flagella
Axonemal dyneins are the molecular motors responsible for the beating of
cilia and flagella. These motors generate sliding forces between adjacent
microtubule doublets within the axoneme, the motile cytoskeletal structure
inside the flagellum. To create regular, oscillatory beating patterns, the
activities of the axonemal dyneins must be coordinated both spatially and
temporally. It is thought that coordination is mediated by stresses or strains
that build up within the moving axoneme, but it is not known which components
of stress or strain are involved, nor how they feed back on the dyneins. To
answer this question, we used isolated, reactivate axonemes of the unicellular
alga Chlamydomonas as a model system. We derived a theory for beat regulation
in a two-dimensional model of the axoneme. We then tested the theory by
measuring the beat waveforms of wild type axonemes, which have asymmetric
beats, and mutant axonemes, in which the beat is nearly symmetric, using
high-precision spatial and temporal imaging. We found that regulation by
sliding forces fails to account for the measured beat, due to the short lengths
of Chlamydomonas cilia. We found that regulation by normal forces (which tend
to separate adjacent doublets) cannot satisfactorily account for the symmetric
waveforms of the mbo2 mutants. This is due to the model's failure to produce
reciprocal inhibition across the axes of the symmetrically beating axonemes.
Finally, we show that regulation by curvature accords with the measurements.
Unexpectedly, we found that the phase of the curvature feedback indicates that
the dyneins are regulated by the dynamic (i.e. time-varying) component of
axonemal curvature, but not by the static one. We conclude that a high-pass
filtered curvature signal is a good candidate for the signal that feeds back to
coordinate motor activity in the axoneme
Reurbanisierung zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: ein Blick auf nordwestdeutsche Städte und Regionen - Eine Einführung
Es gibt keinen generellen Trend, aber die Menschen zieht es (wieder) in die Städte. Vor allem große und attraktive Städte profitieren von Zuwanderung und wachsen, oft verbunden mit konfliktreichen ökologischen, ökonomischen und sozialräumlichen Prozessen. Bei großen Städten, in denen Flächenreserven weitgehend erschöpft und Kosten für das Wohnen stark gestiegen sind, erreicht der Wachstumsschub zunehmend gut ausgestattete und erreichbare Kommunen im Umland. Dabei galten lange Zeit die Immobilienmärkte als entspannt. Nun übersteigt die Nachfrage häufig das Angebot und die Gefahr von Verdrängung und sozialer Entmischung wächst. Zu- und Abwanderung finden nebeneinander statt. Gleichzeitig werden mehr Kinder geboren. Die Menschen brauchen Flächen zum Wohnen, Betreuen und Lernen, genauso wie zum Arbeiten, Erholen etc. Hauptmotor der dynamischen Entwicklung am Immobilienmarkt und bei der Flächeninanspruchnahme ist derzeit die Wohnungsbranche. Im
Wohnungssektor besteht akuter Handlungsbedarf. Auf ihn wird im Rahmen der Untersuchungen der Arbeitsgruppe ein Hauptaugenmerk gerichtet.There is no general trend, but people are (once again) drawn to cities. Especially large and attractive cities are profiting from migration and growing, a phenomenon often linked to conflictive ecological, economic and social-spatial processes. In the case of large cities where reserves of land are largely exhausted and the costs of living have risen sharply, growth is increasingly spreading to well-appointed and accessible municipalities nearby. For a considerable time the property market here was relaxed, but now demand often exceeds supply and the risk of displacement and social segregation is increasing. In- and out-migration are occurring side by side. At the same time more children are being born. People need space to live, learn, work, relax etc. Currently, housing is the main driver of the dynamic development of the property market and land consumption. There is an acute need for action in the housing sector. The working group's investigations have thus focused intensely on this aspect of the situation
Antinociceptive activity of the S1P-receptor agonist FTY720
FTY720 is a novel immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the egress of lymphocytes from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus. In its phosphorylated form FTY720 is a potent S1P receptor agonist. Recently it was also shown that FTY720 can reduce prostaglandin synthesis through the direct inhibition of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Since prostaglandins are important mediators of nociception, we studied the effects of FTY720 in different models of nociception. We found that intraperitoneal administration of FTY720 reduced dose-dependently the nociceptive behaviour of rats in the formalin assay. Although the antinociceptive doses of FTY720 were too low to alter the lymphocyte count, prostanoid concentrations in the plasma were dramatically reduced. Surprisingly, intrathecally administered FTY720 reduced the nociceptive behaviour in the formalin assay without altering spinal prostaglandin synthesis, indicating that additional antinociceptive mechanisms beside the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis are involved. Accordingly, FTY720 reduced also the nociceptive behaviour in the spared nerve injury model for neuropathic pain which does not depend on prostaglandin synthesis. In this model the antinociceptive effect of FTY720 was similar to gabapentin, a commonly used drug to treat neuropathic pain. Taken together we show for the first time that FTY720 possesses antinociceptive properties and that FTY720 reduces nociceptive behaviour during neuropathic pain
Vorranggebiet, Vorbehaltsgebiet und Eignungsgebiet
Raumordnungsgebiete sind Instrumente in Plänen und Programmen, um Vorsorgeanforderungen in beschreibender und darstellender Form zu konkretisieren. Als Ziel der Raumordnung müssen Vorranggebiete zwingend beachtet werden. Vorbehaltsgebiete sind Grundsätze der Raumordnung und in nachfolgenden Verfahren zu berücksichtigen. Eignungsgebiete dienen der Steuerung raumbedeutsamer Maßnahmen im Außenbereich, die an anderer Stelle im Planungsraum ausgeschlossen sind
Consequences of altered eicosanoid patterns for nociceptive processing in mPGES-1-deficient mice
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthesis in the spinal cord plays a major role in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia and allodynia. Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) isomerizes COX-2-derived PGH2 to PGE2. Here, we evaluated the effect of mPGES-1-deficiency on the noci-ceptive behavior in various models of nociception that depend on PGE2 synthesis. Surprisingly, in the COX-2-dependent zymosan-evoked hyperalgesia model, the nociceptive behavior was not reduced in mPGES-1-deficient mice despite a marked decrease of the spinal PGE2 synthesis. Similarly, the nociceptive behavior was unaltered in mPGES-1-deficient mice in the formalin test. Importantly, spinal cords and primary spinal cord cells derived from mPGES-1-deficient mice showed a redirection of the PGE2 synthesis to PGD2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α (stable metabolite of PGI2). Since the latter prostaglandins serve also as mediators of noci-ception they may compensate the loss of PGE2 synthesis in mPGES-1-deficient mice
Flächenkataster als Instrument einer geordneten Flächenhaushaltspolitik
Die Flächennutzungskonflikte haben sieh trotz deutlich geringerer quantitativer Flächeninanspruchnahmen in einzelnen Nutzungsbereichen insgesamt keineswegs verringert. Darüber hinaus hat eine Verlagerung hin zu einer mehr qualitativen Problemsicht stattgefunden, indem in wachsendem Maße neben den direkten Inanspruchnahmen auch die Auswirkungen der Nutzungsansprüche als kritisch eingestuft werden.
Das Ziel, die Planung und Bewirtschaftung der Fläche künftig streng an der dauerhaften Sicherung ihres Leistungsvermögens in qualitativer und quantitativer Hinsicht auszurichten, beinhaltet die existenzielle Forderung nach Entwicklung und Durchsetzung einer konsequenten, geordneten Flächenhaushaltspolitik. Dies erfordert die getrennte Darstellung von Flächenansprüchen auf der einen und -angeboten auf der anderen Seite. Hierzu gehört aber auch die Ermittlung und Ausweisung von qualitativen Merkmalen und indirekten Flächenwirkungen und deren Prüfung vor dem Hintergrund der jeweiligen Möglichkeiten des Flächenhaushaltes sowie der Bilanz der spezifischen Raumbelastung. Dies setzt ferner für die instrumentelle Umsetzung einer Flächenhaushaltspolitik ausreichend vorhandene und auch zugängliche Informationssysteme voraus.
Eine der grundlegenden Vorbedingungen ist die Zusammenfassung aller Informationen zu Flächenkatastern auf der Basis einer differenzierten Erhebung bzw. Erfassung und Bewertung der jeweiligen Bestandsstrukturen anhand einer nach Nutzungen gegliederten Flächensystematik. Das umfassende Datenmaterial derartiger Kataster eröffnet eine vielgestaltige Anwendungspalette. Sie reicht von den Instrumenten und Konzepten der Raum- und Fachplanung über die Vorbereitung Aufstellung oder Änderung von Plänen und Programmen oder Teilplänen, bis hin zu Bilanzen oder auch Standort- und Flächenuntersuchungen. Besonderes Gewicht dürften künftig Bilanzen im Sinne von Flächenhaushaltsbilanzen (Gesamtflächenbilanzen) erlangen
MRT-basierte Beurteilung der pulmonalen Vaskulatur in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die KORA-MRT-Studie
Inhaltszusammenfassung
Ziel: Ziel der Studie war es die pulmonale Vaskulatur, sowie das Verhältnis von Truncus pulmonalis und der Aorta ascendens (rTP/AA) zueinander, mithilfe der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zu bestimmen und deren Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren zu analysieren. Eine besondere Gewichtung lag hierbei auf Diabetes mellitus als Risikofaktor für erweiterte pulmonale Gefäße.
Methodik: Der Truncus pulmonalis (TP), die Arteria pulmonalis dextra (Apd) und die Arteria pulmonalis sinistra (Aps) wurden manuell auf 400 MRT Datensätzen ausgemessen und die rTP/AA nachträglich berechnet. Diese Daten wurden für weitere statistische Analysen in Bezug auf kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren genutzt und sind im Rahmen der KORA Studie erhoben worden.
Ergebnisse: In die finale Auswertung wurden 388 Probanden eingeschlossen, bei denen die Messungen mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit durchgeführt werden konnten. Erweiterte TP hingen signifikant mit dem BMI (M = 2,59 cm bei Normalgewichtigen vs. M = 2,70 cm ab Adipositas Grad 1) und einem bestehenden aHT zusammen. Ebenso fanden sich erweiterte Pulmonalarterien vermehrt bei Probanden höheren Alters (Apd M = 1,76 cm bei den unter-60-Jährigen vs. Apd M = 1,95 cm bei den über-60-Jährigen). Die rTP/AA erhöhte sich signifikant in Kombination mit dem weiblichen Geschlecht (M = 0,84 bei Frauen vs M = 0,79 bei Männern) und mit Zunahme des BMI (M = 0,81 bei Normalgewichtigen vs. M = 0,92 bei Adipositas Grad 3). Paradoxerweise schien die rTP/AA mit zunehmendem Alter abzunehmen (M = 0,87 Altersgruppe 1 vs. M = 0,79 Altersgruppe 2-4).
Fazit: Die MRT eignet sich gut zur Bewertung der pulmonalen Vaskulatur. Es konnten identische Risikofaktoren für erweiterte pulmonale Gefäße ermittelt werden, wie bereits in vorangegangenen Studien, die sich der Computertomographie bedienten. Probanden mit gestörten Glukosestoffwechsel zeigten zwar signifikante Unterschiede bezogen auf die Diameter der pulmonalen Vaskulatur, doch kann keine Aussage darüber getroffen werden, ob Diabetes mellitus selbst oder Faktoren, die diesen begünstigen ursächlich für die Gefäßerweiterungen sind
Quantification of Nematic Cell Polarity in Three-dimensional Tissues
How epithelial cells coordinate their polarity to form functional tissues is
an open question in cell biology. Here, we characterize a unique type of
polarity found in liver tissue, nematic cell polarity, which is different from
vectorial cell polarity in simple, sheet-like epithelia. We propose a
conceptual and algorithmic framework to characterize complex patterns of
polarity proteins on the surface of a cell in terms of a multipole expansion.
To rigorously quantify previously observed tissue-level patterns of nematic
cell polarity (Morales-Navarette et al., eLife 8:e44860, 2019), we introduce
the concept of co-orientational order parameters, which generalize the known
biaxial order parameters of the theory of liquid crystals. Applying these
concepts to three-dimensional reconstructions of single cells from
high-resolution imaging data of mouse liver tissue, we show that the axes of
nematic cell polarity of hepatocytes exhibit local coordination and are aligned
with the biaxially anisotropic sinusoidal network for blood transport. Our
study characterizes liver tissue as a biological example of a biaxial liquid
crystal. The general methodology developed here could be applied to other
tissues or in-vitro organoids.Comment: 27 pages, 9 color figure
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