Affording Health Care and Education on the Minimum Wage

The current value of the federal minimum wage -- $7.25 per hour -- is often compared to the cost of living, the average wage in the economy, or the productivity of the average worker. By all of these benchmarks, the current federal minimum is well below its historical levels. But the current minimum wage looks even worse when compared to two kinds of purchases strongly associated with a middle-class standard of living or the ability to move up to the middle class: health insurance and a college degree

Size and Characteristics of States? Union Workforces

Unionization rates -- and the gender and racial composition of unionized workers -- vary widely across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The figures and tables in this issue brief, based on our analysis of the Current Population Survey, give an overview of the size and basic demographics of the unionized workforce in each state. Throughout, we define a unionized worker as anyone who is a member of a union or represented by a collective bargaining agreement

Portland\u27s Keystone Crustacean: Signal Crayfish Behavior, Health, & Habitat in the Tryon Creek Watershed

In the Portland Metro Area, the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a keystone species. Signal crayfish consume inaccessible plant matter and detritus, feed various game fish, engineer riverbeds, and are even harvested commercially for human consumption. Recognizing signal crayfishes’ multifaceted ecological and social significance, the purpose of this study was to assess the habitat factors that impact signal crayfish health and behavior in the Tryon Creek Watershed. Data collection revealed that overall, Tryon Creek crayfish were disproportionately likely to be observed in locations with high infrastructure presence levels; substrates composed of silt/sand or a combination of boulders and cobbles; culverts, runs, and pools; and water depths between 10 and 39 cm. Meanwhile, juvenile crayfish were disproportionately likely to be observed in locations with low human impact levels, substrates composed of silt/sand and a combination of cobbles and gravel, and water depths between 0 and 19 cm. Similarly, unhealthy crayfish — specimens that were deceased, immobile, or struggling, or that consisted of severed appendages — were disproportionately likely to be observed in locations with culverts and riffles and water depths between 0 and 19 cm. The study found no evidence for an established population of invasive crayfish in Tryon Creek, although further monitoring (particularly in Tryon Cove) are necessary to ensure the watershed’s continued protection. The analysis also suggested that human-caused ecosystem disruptions can seriously decrease the health and wellness of signal crayfish populations, pointing to a need for better waterway designs that can benefit fish and crustaceans alike

Exploration of the global antioxidant capacity of the stratum corneum by cyclic voltammetry

Cyclic voltammetry is proposed as a new method for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of skin based on the reducing properties of low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA). Experiments were performed simply by recording the anodic current at 0.9 V/SCE of a platinum microelectrode placed directly on the epidermis surface without any gel or water. This method ensured a direct, rapid (less than 1 min), reliable (accuracy 12%) and non-invasive measurement of the global antioxidant capacity of the stratum corneum with a high spatiotemporal resolution. At the same time, the pH of the skin surface was determined by recording the cathodic current at 0 V/SCE. Based on an exploratory study involving nine volunteer subjects, the evolution of the amperometric response of the microelectrode with time revealed a periodic modification of the redox properties

The Acrylamide (S)-2 As a Positive and Negative Modulator of Kv7 Channels Expressed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes

BACKGROUND: Activation of voltage-gated potassium channels of the Kv7 (KCNQ) family reduces cellular excitability. These channels are therefore attractive targets for treatment of diseases characterized by hyperexcitability, such as epilepsy, migraine and neuropathic pain. Retigabine, which opens Kv7.2-5, is now in clinical trial phase III for the treatment of partial onset seizures. One of the main obstacles in developing Kv7 channel active drugs has been to identify compounds that can discriminate between the neuronal subtypes, a feature that could help diminish side effects and increase the potential of drugs for particular indications. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the present study we have made a thorough investigation of the Bristol-Myers Squibb compound (S)-N-[1-(4-Cyclopropylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1], [4]oxazin-6-yl)-ethyl]-3-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-acrylamide [(S)-2] on human Kv7.1-5 channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that the compound was a weak inhibitor of Kv7.1. In contrast, (S)-2 efficiently opened Kv7.2-5 by producing hyperpolarizing shifts in the voltage-dependence of activation and enhancing the maximal current amplitude. Further, it reduced inactivation, accelerated activation kinetics and slowed deactivation kinetics. The mechanisms of action varied between the subtypes. The enhancing effects of (S)-2 were critically dependent on a tryptophan residue in S5 also known to be crucial for the effects of retigabine, (S)-1 and BMS-204352. However, while (S)-2 did not at all affect a mutant Kv7.4 with a leucine in this position (Kv7.4-W242L), a Kv7.2 with the same mutation (Kv7.2-W236L) was inhibited by the compound, showing that (S)-2 displays a subtype-selective interaction with in the Kv7 family. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results offer further insight into pharmacological activation of Kv7 channels, add to the understanding of small molecule interactions with the channels and may contribute to the design of subtype selective modulators

A literature review of three common balance tests: Electronystagmography, Rotary Chair Testing, and Computerized Dynamic Posturography

This paper discusses the rationale, clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages of three common balance function tests: Electronystagmography (ENG), Rotational Chair Testing (RCT), and Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP)

Three in one-multiple faunal elements within an endangered european butterfly species

Ice ages within Europe forced many species to retreat to refugia, of which three major biogeographic basic types can be distinguished: "Mediterranean", "Continental" and "Alpine / Arctic" species. However, this classification often fails to explain the complex phylogeography of European species with a wide range of latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. Hence, we tested for the possibility that all three mentioned faunal elements are represented within one species. Our data was obtained by scoring 1,307 Euphydryas aurinia individuals (46 European locations) for 17 allozyme loci, and sequencing a subset of 492 individuals (21 sites) for a 626 base pairs COI fragment. Genetic diversity indices, F statistics, hierarchical analyses of molecular variance, individual-based clustering, and networks were used to explore the phylogeographic patterns. The COI fragment represented 18 haplotypes showing a strong geographic structure. All but one allozyme loci analysed were polymorphic with a mean F-ST of 0.20, supporting a pronounced among population structure. Interpretation of both genetic marker systems, using several analytical tools, calls for the recognition of twelve genetic groups. These analyses consistently distinguished different groups in Iberia (2), Italy, Provence, Alps (3), Slovenia, Carpathian Basin, the lowlands of West and Central Europe as well as Estonia, often with considerable additional substructures. The genetic data strongly support the hypothesis that E. aurinia survived the last glaciation in Mediterranean, extra-Mediterranean and perialpine refugia. It is thus a rare example of a model organism that combines attributes of faunal elements from all three of these sources. The observed differences between allozymes and mtDNA most likely result from recent introgression of mtDNA into nuclear allozyme groups. Our results indicate discrepancies with the morphologically-based subspecies models, underlining the need to revise the current taxonomy.Estonian targeted financing project [Sf0180122s08]; DFG graduate school [1319]; [Pest-C/MAR/LA0015/2011]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Schelcher (Jean-Marie), Bartholdi, mère et fils (1856-1886). Docu-fiction épistolaire

Le musée Bartholdi à Colmar conserve dans ses fonds documentaires plusieurs centaines de lettres envoyées à sa mère par Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904), qui s’était établi à Paris comme statuaire. Restée dans la maison familiale de Colmar, sa mère Charlotte Bartholdi née Beysser, veuve depuis de nombreuses années, pourvut à son installation et à son entretien. Dès lors, l’artiste mena une correspondance très assidue, parfois quotidienne, avec sa mère qui conserva pieusement ces lettres parfois ..