Behaviorale und neuronale Effekte eines Emotionserkennungstrainings bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen

Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Wirksamkeit eines computerbasierten Emotionserkennungstrainings bei Personen mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) zu überprüfen. Dies geschieht durch den Vergleich einer mit dem Frankfurter Training des Erkennens von fazialem Affekt (FEFA) trainierten und einer nicht trainierten Personengruppe mit ASS. Das FEFA ist das einzige deutschsprachige Emotionserkennungstraining, das mit dem Ziel entwickelt wurde, die Erkennung von Basisemotionen in Gesichtsausdrücken bei autistischen Menschen zu verbessern. Da ASS mit deutlichen, nicht ursächlich behandelbaren Beeinträchtigungen in der sozialen Interaktion und Kommunikation einhergehen, bieten übende Verfahren eine Möglichkeit, soziale Fertigkeiten aufzubauen und die Symptomatik abzumildern. Das Erkennen emotionaler Zustände anderer Personen stellt eine relevante Basisfähigkeit für angemessenes sozial-kommunikatives Verhalten dar. Autistischen Personen gelingt die Emotionserkennung oft nicht und es gibt Hinweise, dass sie emotionale Gesichtsausdrücke neuronal anders verarbeiten als nicht autistische Menschen. Daher werden in dieser Studie neben Testverfahren zur Emotionserkennung funktionelle Bildgebungsverfahren (fMRT) eingesetzt, um neuronale Aktivierungsmuster mitzuerfassen. Die Studie gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird ein Querschnittsvergleich durchgeführt, bei dem die Emotionserkennungsfertigkeiten durchschnittlich begabter Personen mit ASS (n=40) sowie deren neuronale Aktivierungsmuster bei der Wahrnehmung emotionaler, fazialer Reize mit denen einer, nach Alter und nonverbaler Intelligenz parallelisierten, unauffälligen Kontrollgruppe (n=26) verglichen werden. Diese Vergleiche zeigen, dass der ASS-Gruppe in den verwendeten Emotionserkennungstests deutlich weniger korrekte Zuordnungen gelingen als der unauffälligen Kontrollgruppe. Darüber hinaus weist die ASS-Gruppe auch in einem Gesichtererkennungstest und einem Wortschatztest gegenüber den unauffälligen Kontrollen Beeinträchtigungen auf. In fMRT-Aufgaben zur impliziten Emotionserkennung ist bei den unauffälligen Kontrollen eine Mehraktivierung in neuronalen Arealen, die mit sozial-emotionaler Reizverarbeitung in Zusammenhang stehen, feststellbar, und zwar im fusiformen Gyrus, der Amygdala und auch im dorsalen lateralen präfrontalen Kortex. Bei Aufgaben zur expliziten Emotionserkennung und der Wahrnehmung neutraler Gesichter bestehen keine Unterschiede in den neuronalen Aktivierungen zwischen den Gruppen in den interessierenden Regionen (Regions of Interest). Der zweite Teil der Studie umfasst die Trainingsevaluation. Hierzu wird das FEFA-Training mit 15 autistischen Personen in acht Einzelstunden innerhalb eines Zeitraums von fünf bis sechs Wochen durchgeführt. Die parallelisierte ASS-Kontrollgruppe besteht ebenfalls aus 15 Personen, die keine Intervention erhalten. Die vor dem Training (bzw. der Wartezeit) erfassten Emotionserkennungsfähigkeiten und neuronalen Aktivierungsmuster werden mit den unmittelbar nach dem Training (bzw. der Wartezeit) erhobenen verglichen. Zudem werden zu einem dritten Messzeitpunkt, etwa vier Wochen nach Beendigung des Trainings, die Testleistungen der beiden ASS-Gruppen einander erneut gegenüber gestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die trainierte ASS-Gruppe in allen verwendeten Tests zur Erkennung von Basisemotionen deutliche, stabile Verbesserungen erreicht, die mit einer Mehraktivierung im fusiformen Gyrus und der Amygdala bei Aufgaben zur impliziten Emotionserkennung einhergehen. Keine Verbesserungen werden bei der Erkennung komplexer emotionaler und mentaler Zustände sowie in der, von den Eltern eingeschätzten, affektiven Reaktivität im Alltag erzielt. In einem visuellen Gedächtnistest und einem Konzentrationstest, die zur Kontrolle der Spezifität des Trainings zu allen Messzeitpunkten angewendet werden, sind keine Verbesserungen in der trainierten ASS-Gruppe feststellbar. Somit kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass keine emotionsunspezifischen Fertigkeiten trainiert wurden. Das FEFA-Training wird von den Teilnehmern hinsichtlich des Ablaufs und des subjektiv erlebten Behandlungserfolges als überwiegend positiv bewertet. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Anwendung des FEFA-Trainings über einen relativ kurzen Zeitraum bei autistischen Personen mit normativer Intelligenz die Emotionserkennungsleistung verbessert, allerdings sind darüber hinaus weitere Interventionen erforderlich, um einen Transfer in den Alltag zu ermöglichen

Pilot evaluation of the Frankfurt Social Skills Training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group-based intervention aiming at improving social and communication skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Over a period of 11 months, N = 17 children and adolescents received treatment according to the manualised Frankfurt Social Skills Training (KONTAKT). Parent, teacher, expert and blind expert ratings were assessed to judge outcome regarding peer interaction, autistic behaviours, adaptive functioning and family burden. The participants exhibited improvements pre to follow-up treatment, particularly in the area of autistic symptomatology. Effect sizes (partial eta squared) ranged from 0.02 to 0.69. Among other things, regression models showed a positive influence of IQ and language skills on gains in social skills. Findings indicate that KONTAKT might be useful for enhancing social skills and reducing autism-related psychopathology over time in different contexts. Nevertheless, controlled trials are needed to reassure its effectiveness

Schizophrenia and Autism as Contrasting Minds: Neural Evidence for the Hypo-Hyper-Intentionality Hypothesis

Both schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by mentalizing problems and associated neural dysfunction of the social brain. However, the deficits in mental state attribution are somehow opposed: Whereas patients with SCZ tend to over-attribute intentions to agents and physical events ("hyper-intentionality”), patients with autism treat people as devoid of intentions ("hypo-intentionality”). Here we aimed to investigate whether this hypo-hyper-intentionality hypothesis can be supported by neural evidence during a mentalizing task. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the neural responses and functional connectivity during reading others intention. Scanning was performed in 23 individuals with ASD, 18 with paranoid SCZ and 23 gender and IQ matched control subjects. Both clinical groups showed reduced brain activation compared to controls for the contrast intentional vs physical information processing in left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) for SCZ, and right pSTS in ASD. As predicted, these effects were caused in a group specific way: Relative increased activation for physical information processing in SCZ that was also correlated with positive PANNS score and relative decreased activation for intentional information processing in ASD. Additionally, we could demonstrate opposed connectivity patterns between the right pSTS and vMPFC in the clinical groups, ie, increased for SCZ, decreased for ASD. These findings represent opposed neural signatures in key regions of the social brain as predicted by the hyper-hypo-intentionality hypothesi

A Comparison between Schizophrenia and Autism

Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia share a substantial number of etiologic and phenotypic characteristics. Still, no direct comparison of both disorders has been performed to identify differences and commonalities in brain structure. In this voxel based morphometry study, 34 patients with autism spectrum disorder, 21 patients with schizophrenia and 26 typically developed control subjects were included to identify global and regional brain volume alterations. No global gray matter or white matter differences were found between groups. In regional data, patients with autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developed control subjects showed smaller gray matter volume in the amygdala, insula, and anterior medial prefrontal cortex. Compared to patients with schizophrenia, patients with autism spectrum disorder displayed smaller gray matter volume in the left insula. Disorder specific positive correlations were found between mentalizing ability and left amygdala volume in autism spectrum disorder, and hallucinatory behavior and insula volume in schizophrenia. Results suggest the involvement of social brain areas in both disorders. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to quantify the amount of distinct and overlapping neural correlates in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia

Significance of beta-band oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorders during motor response inhibition tasks: a MEG study

In Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), impaired response inhibition and lack of adaptation are hypothesized to underlie core ASD symptoms, such as social communication and repetitive, stereotyped behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare neural correlates of inhibition, post-error adaptation, and reaction time variability in ASD and neuro-typical control (NTC) participants by investigating possible differences in error-related changes of oscillatory MEG activity. Twelve male NTC (mean age 20.3 ± 3.7) and fourteen male patients with ASD (mean age 17.8 ± 2.9) were included in the analysis. Subjects with ASD showed increased error-related reaction time variability. MEG analysis revealed decreased beta power in the ASD group in comparison to the NTC group over the centro-parietal channels in both, the pre-stimulus and post-response interval. In the ASD group, mean centro-parietal beta power negatively correlated with dimensional autism symptoms. In both groups, false alarms were followed by an early increase in temporo-frontal theta to alpha power; and by a later decrease in alpha to beta power at central and posterior sensors. Single trial correlations were additionally studied in the ASD group, who showed a positive correlation of pre-stimulus beta power with post-response theta, alpha, and beta power, particularly after hit trials. On a broader scale, the results deliver important insights into top-down control deficits that may relate to core symptoms observed in ASD

Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders.

While it is apparent that rare variation can play an important role in the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the contribution of common variation to the risk of developing ASD is less clear. To produce a more comprehensive picture, we report Stage 2 of the Autism Genome Project genome-wide association study, adding 1301 ASD families and bringing the total to 2705 families analysed (Stages 1 and 2). In addition to evaluating the association of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we also sought evidence that common variants, en masse, might affect the risk. Despite genotyping over a million SNPs covering the genome, no single SNP shows significant association with ASD or selected phenotypes at a genome-wide level. The SNP that achieves the smallest P-value from secondary analyses is rs1718101. It falls in CNTNAP2, a gene previously implicated in susceptibility for ASD. This SNP also shows modest association with age of word/phrase acquisition in ASD subjects, of interest because features of language development are also associated with other variation in CNTNAP2. In contrast, allele scores derived from the transmission of common alleles to Stage 1 cases significantly predict case status in the independent Stage 2 sample. Despite being significant, the variance explained by these allele scores was small (Vm< 1%). Based on results from individual SNPs and their en masse effect on risk, as inferred from the allele score results, it is reasonable to conclude that common variants affect the risk for ASD but their individual effects are modest

A Close Eye on the Eagle-Eyed Visual Acuity Hypothesis of Autism

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been associated with sensory hypersensitivity. A recent study reported visual acuity (VA) in ASD in the region reported for birds of prey. The validity of the results was subsequently doubted. This study examined VA in 34 individuals with ASD, 16 with schizophrenia (SCH), and 26 typically developing (TYP). Participants with ASD did not show higher VA than those with SCH and TYP. There were no substantial correlations of VA with clinical severity in ASD or SCH. This study could not confirm the eagle-eyed acuity hypothesis of ASD, or find evidence for a connection of VA and clinical phenotypes. Research needs to further address the origins and circumstances associated with altered sensory or perceptual processing in ASD

From Gene Networks to Gene Function

We propose a novel method to identify functionally related genes based on comparisons of neighborhoods in gene networks. This method does not rely on gene sequence or protein structure homologies, and it can be applied to any organism and a wide variety of experimental data sets. The character of the predicted gene relationships depends on the underlying networks;they concern biological processes rather than the molecular function. We used the method to analyze gene networks derived from genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, a large-scale gene deletion study, and from the genomic positions of consensus binding sites for transcription factors of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified 816 functional relationships between 159 genes and show that these relationships correspond to protein–protein interactions, co-occurrence in the same protein complexes, and/or co-occurrence in abstracts of scientific articles. Our results suggest functions for seven previously uncharacterized yeast genes: KIN3 and YMR269W may be involved in biological processes related to cell growth and/or maintenance, whereas IES6, YEL008W, YEL033W, YHL029C, YMR010W, and YMR031W-A are likely to have metabolic functions