The International Whaling Commission: Challenges From Within And Without

Despite the growing number of international organizations dedicated to the conservation and management of living marine resources, very few generate the controversy of the International Whaling Commission (IWC)

Teaching International Law To Undergraduates And Other Non-Legal Audiences: Practical Suggestions For Pedagogical Approaches

Unquestionably, there is growing interest in the subject of international law at several educational levels and among a broad constituency of students. This is due to a variety of factors

Scientific Research Whaling In International Law: Objectives And Objections

Scientific research whaling is one of the most hotly debated points of contention between anti-whaling forces and those few remaining states that seek to resume commercial whaling

Moving From Single-Species Management To Ecosystem Management In Regional Fisheries Management Organizations

Even though reference to the modem framework of ocean governance begins with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),\u27 it certainly does not end there

U.S. Membership In Unclos: What Effects For The Marine Environment?

The issue of whether or not the U.S. should ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or the Convention)\u27 has been debated since the treaty was concluded in 1982

Role of reservations and vetoes in marine conservation agreements

This thesis has been submitted in partial satisfaction of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Cardiff University Law School. The objective of this thesis is to examine the operation, impact and legal framework of reservations and vetoes, termed "exemptive provisions," in marine conservation agreements. The need to improve ocean governance is manifest and this research is intended to help illuminate the path forward. This is a work of public international law but the key issues addressed in this thesis should be of interest to anyone concerned about marine conservation. English spelling in this thesis is American. Citation style is an adaptation of the seventeenth edition of the "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation " - the benchmark for legal writing in the United States. 'Because "The Bluebook" more typically applies to shorter works, some adaptations were made for ease and clarity. With regard to footnotes, each chapter is self-contained and independent of the others

The quest for effective pain control during suture adjustment after strabismus surgery: a study evaluating supplementation of 2% lidocaine with 0.4% ropivacaine

PURPOSE: To determine whether the addition of 0.4% ropivacaine to the standard 2% lidocaine peribulbar anesthetic block improves pain scores during suture adjustment in patients undergoing strabismus surgery with adjustable sutures. METHODS: Prospective, double-blind study of 30 adult patients aged 21–84 years scheduled for elective strabismus surgery with adjustable sutures. Patients were divided into two groups of 15 patients each based on the local anesthetic. Group A received 2% lidocaine and Group B received 2% lidocaine/0.4% ropivacaine. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) preoperatively and at 2, 4, and 6 hours postoperatively. The Lancaster red-green test was used to measure ocular motility at the same time points. RESULTS: The pain scores in the two groups were low and similar at all measurement intervals. The VAS for Group A versus Group B at 2 hours (1.7 versus 2.4, P=0.5) and 4 hours (3.5 versus 3.7, P=0.8) showed no benefit from the addition of ropivacaine. At 6 hours, the VAS (3.7 versus 2.7) was not statistically significant, but the 95% confidence interval indicated that ropivacaine may provide some benefit. A repeated measures ANOVA did not find a statistically significant difference in VAS scores over time (P=0.9). In addition, the duration of akinesia was comparable in both groups (P=0.7). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the 50:50 mixture of 2% lidocaine with 0.4% ropivacaine as compared to 2% lidocaine in peribulbar anesthetic blocks in adjustable-suture strabismus surgery does not produce significant improvements in pain control during the postoperative and adjustment phases. In addition, ropivacaine did not impair return of full ocular motility at 6 hours, which is advantageous in adjustable-suture strabismus surgery

Consumer Decision Making and Store Patronage Behaviour in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Halls in Singapore

This paper examines who patronises Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) halls in Singapore and for what purpose. A quantitative study of 400 respondents identifies that TCMs are used primarily for the improvement of health and well being rather than the treatment of more serious medical conditions. While the patronage of TCM stores is not restricted to the Chinese population, traditional Mom-and-Pop outlets have come under increasing pressure from new market entrants. When choosing a TCM outlet, customers consider price and quality to be important factors while trust in the store keeper was also identified as a key determinant of store choice