82 research outputs found
The European Union and the Citizens of Europe
[extract] The relationship between the European Union and the citizens of Europe has been a constant matter of debate since the failure of the European Constitutional Treaty after the referendums in France and the Netherlands. The national referendum on the suggestions of the European Union concerning the Greek crisis, launched by the former Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and the discussion of Great Britainâs possible withdrawal from the EU (âBrexitâ) have shown that this relationship remains a crucial issue for the European Union, even or maybe especially in times of crisis. Since the failure of the Constitutional Treaty the EU has become more aware of the central role of the citizens of Europe for the success of the European Union. The sometimes sceptically termed âelite driven projectâ EU therefore has put a lot of effort in the so called âEurope of the citizensâ, trying to enhance civic participation at EU level. These efforts are part of a wider discussion concerning the so called âdemocratic deficitâ of the EU. With the last comprehensive Reform Treaty of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), which could only come into force after the second and then positive referendum of the Irish people, the member states have tried again to redress the âdemocratic deficitâ of the EU. One of the major improvements for the democratic legitimacy of the EU has again been â as in every EU Reform Treaty â the increase of power for the European Parliament. Besides new rules concerning the election of the European Parliament and rules to strenghten the role of national parliaments in the EU, the member states have also created a new participatory opportunity for European citizens, the European Citizensâ Initiative in article 11 para. 4 TEU. With the European Citizensâ Initiative the European Union gives the European citizens (consisting of a minimum number from at least 7 of the 28 member states) a tool to suggest a legislative act to the Commission.The Citizensâ Initiative constitutes the first attempt to introduce an element of direct democracy in the European Union and it also represents the first attempt worldwide to introduce direct democracy into an international organization. The paper wants to adress the relationship between Europe and the European citizens from different perspectives. The first chapter shall deal with the structure of the European Union as an international organization and shall pose the question how democracy as a principle fits into that structure (I.). The chapter shall also describe the various forms of democratic elements in the European Union. The second chapter is supposed to sketch the âEuropean citizenâ as an idea of the European Union taking up the citizenship of the European Union (II.). The third chapter is dedicated to scrutinizing the participatory possibilities for European citizens (III.). In that context I also want to display some data how the new European Citizensâ Initiative has been working practically so far. The summary will be able to shed some light on the relationship between Europe and the European citizen (IV.).
Agents of SecularisationâIbsen and the Narrative of Secular Modernity
In sociology, modernisation is often identified with secularisation. How can secularisation in the texts of modernism around 1900 be analysed? Literary history books tell us that the modernist authors were lucid analysts of their time who portrayed the process of secularisation going on around them in their dramas, novels or short stories. The article tries out a different approach: By conceptualizing secularisation as a cultural narrative, the perspective on the literary material changes fundamentally. The modernist authors were involved in shaping the idea of secularisation in the first place, in propagating it and in working on its implementation. They did not react to the process of secularisation with their texts. Instead, they were involved in the creation and shaping of the interpretative category âsecularisationâ. The article exemplifies this change in approach using a pivotal text of Nordic literary modernism, Ibsenâs Rosmersholm. View Full-Tex
The Masses and the Elite: the Conception of Social Inequality in 1840s Scandinavian Literature
The opposition between the masses and the elite is the constituting formula by which the classic texts of elite theory justified social inequality around 1900. Nowadays, contemporary theorists of social inequality interpret this opposition primarily as a panic reaction to demographic developments that occurred towards the end of the 19th century. Uncovering the same mechanisms in fiction from that period is an obvious task for literary scholars. In the present article, however, it will be argued that the âtrueâ contemporaries of elite theories are already manifest in texts from around 1840 â texts that are usually regarded as belonging to the Romantic period. The argument is based on Johan Ludvig Heibergâs essay âFolk og Publikumâ [The People and the Audience] and the drama âDen indiske Cholearâ (1835) [The Indian Cholera] by Henrik Wergeland. Heibergâs and Wergelandâs texts will not be read as anachronistic reflections of 1900 elite theories, but rather as complex analyses of precisely those bourgeois concerns that led to the emergence of the elite theories toward the end of the century
The Acceptability of E-Learning formats within the population
Der politisch geförderte Ausbau von wissenschaftlicher Weiterbildung an Hochschulen soll dazu beitragen die Chancen zur Partizipation an Hochschulbildung fĂŒr verschiedene Zielgruppen anzugleichen. Im Zuge der Digitalisierung ergeben sich in diesem Rahmen auch durch die Gestaltung von digitalen Lehr-Lernarrangements Chancen zur gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe (Arnold et al., 2018). Wie aber steht es dabei um die Akzeptanz von Online- und Fernlernkursen als eine Form des E-Learnings im Weiterbildungsbereich seitens einer potentiellen regionalen Zielgruppe in der Bevölkerung? Dieser Fragestellung geht der Beitrag auf Basis der Daten einer Bevölkerungsbefragung (521 Befragte) des Projekts «EB» in der Region Westpfalz nach. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ablehnung der E-Learning Formate besonders von Personen ausgeht, die noch keine Erfahrung mit solchen Programmen aufweisen. Im Beitrag werden Merkmale von Individuen und Lernumgebungen identifiziert, die möglicherweise die ablehnende Haltung dieser Personen befördern können. GeĂ€usserte WĂŒnsche zur formalen Gestaltung von Weiterbildungsprogrammen ebenjener Personen werden mit in die Betrachtung integriert. Des Weiteren sollen Ăberlegungen angestellt werden, welche Möglichkeiten der Akzeptanzsteigerung sich bieten.The politically benefited expansion of scientific further education at universities is supposed to contribute chances of participation for different target groups. The configuration of digital teaching-learning-arrangements as a part of the digitalisation offers opportunities to achieve this goal (Arnold et al., 2018). But how about the acceptability of online and distance learning programmes as a part of e-learning in adult further education on behalf of a potential regional target group within the population? This is what this article pursues based on empirical data from a survey (521 respondents) by the project «EB» realised in the region Westpfalz. The results show that especially people without experience in using e-learning formats refuse to participate. Individual characteristics and characteristics of the learning environment which can possibly carry the refusing attitude towards e-learning formats are identified. Wishes concerning the formal configuration of adult further education programmes expressed by those people are integrated. Furthermore, thoughts about strategies of how to increase acceptability of e-learning programmes will be considered
Leistungsorientierte Entlohnung - kann die geplante Dienstrechtsreform die Abwanderung von qualifizierten Nachwuchswissenschaftlern verhindern?
Mit der geplanten Dienstrechtsreform, die von Edelgard Bulmahn, Bundesministerin fĂŒr Bildung und Forschung, vorgestellt wird, sollen Hochschullehrer in Zukunft leistungsorientiert entlohnt und fĂŒr junge Nachwuchswissenschaftler bessere Arbeitsbedingungen geschaffen werden. FĂŒr Hans Zehetmair, Bayerischer Staatsminister fĂŒr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur, mĂŒssen die Chancen einer stĂ€rker an Leistung orientierten Professorenbesoldung genutzt werden, »denn nur so werden wir im internationalen Wettbewerb der deutschen Hochschulen um die qualifiziertesten Wissenschaftler weiterhin erfolgreich sein können«. Auf heftige Kritik stoĂen diese PlĂ€ne allerdings bei den Betroffenen: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Schiedermair, PrĂ€sident des Deutschen Hochschulverbandes, Prof. Dr. Klaus M. Schmidt, UniversitĂ€t MĂŒnchen, sowie Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Alfred Keser, UniversitĂ€t Mannheim, wenden sich gegen die ReformmaĂnahmen und befĂŒrchten, dass »diese Reform nicht zusammen mit den Betroffenen politisch gestaltet werden soll, sondern Politik gegen die Betroffenen gemacht wird«
Leistungsorientierte Entlohnung - kann die geplante Dienstrechtsreform die Abwanderung von qualifizierten Nachwuchswissenschaftlern verhindern?
Mit der geplanten Dienstrechtsreform, die von Edelgard Bulmahn, Bundesministerin fĂŒr Bildung und Forschung, vorgestellt wird, sollen Hochschullehrer in Zukunft leistungsorientiert entlohnt und fĂŒr junge Nachwuchswissenschaftler bessere Arbeitsbedingungen geschaffen werden. FĂŒr Hans Zehetmair, Bayerischer Staatsminister fĂŒr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur, mĂŒssen die Chancen einer stĂ€rker an Leistung orientierten Professorenbesoldung genutzt werden, »denn nur so werden wir im internationalen Wettbewerb der deutschen Hochschulen um die qualifiziertesten Wissenschaftler weiterhin erfolgreich sein können«. Auf heftige Kritik stoĂen diese PlĂ€ne allerdings bei den Betroffenen: Prof. Dr. Hartmut Schiedermair, PrĂ€sident des Deutschen Hochschulverbandes, Prof. Dr. Klaus M. Schmidt, UniversitĂ€t MĂŒnchen, sowie Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Alfred Keser, UniversitĂ€t Mannheim, wenden sich gegen die ReformmaĂnahmen und befĂŒrchten, dass »diese Reform nicht zusammen mit den Betroffenen politisch gestaltet werden soll, sondern Politik gegen die Betroffenen gemacht wird«.Deutschland; Leistungsorientierte VergĂŒtung; VergĂŒtungssystem; Hochschullehrer
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