Análise integrada de sistemas de produção de tomateiro com base em indicadores edafobiológicos.

A análise integrada de indicadores edafobiológicos ligados ao manejo do solo constitui uma ferramenta importante para estimar níveis de sustentabilidade do agroecossistema, detectando-se pontos críticos para a devida correção de manejo. Essa ferramenta foi empregada na avaliação de sistemas de produção orgânica e convencional de tomate, em cultivo protegido e a campo aberto, no estado de São Paulo. Tomaram-se como referência solos de mata nativa e/ou pastagem natural, dependendo do local de estudo. Em Serra Negra, o solo sob sistema orgânico apresentou maior capacidade de campo e teor de argila dispersa mais baixo, indicativos da estabilidade dos agregados. No sistema convencional observou-se uma elevada condutividade elétrica, evidenciando a alta disponibilidade de sais solúveis. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) permitiu concluir que há maior grau de similaridade entre o solo sob sistema orgânico e aqueles das bases referenciais, com respeito aos indicadores químicos e biológicos. Constatou-se que C org, N total, polissacarídeos, FDA (hidrólise de diacetato de fluoresceína) e atividade enzimática de desidrogenase estão positivamente relacionados com o sistema orgânico, a mata nativa e a pastagem. Em contrapartida, a saturação por bases (V%), pH, teores de Mn, Mg e Ca, bem como a razão de dispersão estão inversamente relacionadas ao manejo orgânico. Já em Araraquara, os resultados da ACP distinguiram as áreas organicamente cultivadas das matas nativas, principalmente, com base nos indicadores biológicos

MicroEvol : Evolution et dynamiques des populations pyrénéennes : Vallée de Vicdessos

National audienceFinancé par l’Observatoire Hommes Milieux (OHM) du Haut-Vicdessos et conduit de 2010 à 2018 par des anthropologues biologistes dans une démarche interdisciplinaire incluant des collaborations avec historiens démographes et généticiens des populations, le programme intitulé « MicroEvolution : Evolution et dynamiques des populations humaines pyrénéennes » vise à étudier la dynamique biologique à moyen et long terme des populations de la Haute Vallée du Vicdessos. Concrètement, l’objectif est de voir comment les environnements socio-écologiques (ressources, contextes socio-économiques, maladies..) ont modulé la dynamique démographique (migrations, choix du conjoint, mortalité et naissances..) des populations de la Vallée. Deux approches complémentaires sont menées, une première s’appuyant sur les archives historiques (registres d’état civil, statistiques) des villages de la Haute Vallée pour une analyse essentiellement centrée sur le XIX° siècle et le début du XX° siècle. Une analyse de génétique des populations et des marqueurs uni-parentaux (ADN mitochondrial et du Chromosome Y) pour une analyse sur le long terme du peuplement de la Vallée prise dans son ensemble (basse et haute Vallée du Vicdessos). Le séminaire de l'OHM des 7 et 8 janvier 2020 a été l’occasion de présenter les principaux résultats de cette recherche, en particulier du second volet « long terme ». Il a mis en lumière la nécessité de confronter ces résultats à la lumière des proxi obtenus dans le cadre des autres projets de l’OHM Vicdessos, notamment des données paléo-environnementales

Indução de resistência sistêmica do tomateiro a doenças no sistema de manejo orgânico.

Resumo. Trabalho apresentado no 27º Congresso Paulista de Fitopatologia, 2003, Botucatu

Avaliação da produtividade agrícola da cana-planta e cana-soca sob diferentes espaçamentos entre plantas para produção de açúcar e etanol.

Para avaliar a influência da variação do espaçamento entre linhas na produtividade e na qualidade da cana-de-açúcar para produção de etanol e açúcar foi instalado um experimento em gleba sob reforma na área agrícola da Usina Renuka - Unidade Madhu. Tal unidade sucroalcooleira, localizada na Bacia do Médio Rio Tietê, com área agrícola no Município de Guaiçara, SP, é uma das cinco maiores do mundo, com capacidade de moagem de 6,5 milhões de toneladas de cana-de-açúcar por ano.bitstream/item/146625/1/BolPesq40-Silva.pd

Eficiência do uso de adubo compostado e o manejo do solo no cultivo de tomate orgânico: um estudo de caso.

A adubação orgânica e o manejo do tipo e quantidade de resíduos vegetais no solo têm um impacto direto na saúde e produtividade das plantas. Adubo compostado com material vegetal (restos de culturas) e estercos de gado podem ser fontes de uma diversidade de substratos para uma gama de microrganismos existentes no solo em competição natural. Trabalhos têm demonstrado que dejetos animais, biofertilizantes e restos culturais compostados podem suprimir doenças causadas por patógenos e pragas do solo, incluindo S. rolfsii, Phytophthora infestans, Meloidogyne javanica (Canullo, et al. 1992; Bulluck III & Ristaino, 2002; Souza & Resende, 2003). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a análise integrada de indicadores edafobiológicos do sistema de produção orgânica de tomate, comparado ao sistema convencional, em função das práticas adotadas pelos produtores

High-content screen in human pluripotent cells identifies miRNA-regulated pathways controlling pluripotency and differentiation

Background: By post-transcriptionally regulating multiple target transcripts, microRNAs (miRNAs or miR) play important biological functions. H1 embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and NTera-2 embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) are two of the most widely used human pluripotent model cell lines, sharing several characteristics, including the expression of miRNAs associated to the pluripotent state or with differentiation. However, how each of these miRNAs functionally impacts the biological properties of these cells has not been systematically evaluated. Methods: We investigated the effects of 31 miRNAs on NTera-2 and H1 hESCs, by transfecting miRNA mimics. Following 3-4 days of culture, cells were stained for the pluripotency marker OCT4 and the G2 cell-cycle marker Cyclin B1, and nuclei and cytoplasm were co-stained with Hoechst and Cell Mask Blue, respectively. By using automated quantitative fluorescence microscopy (i.e., high-content screening (HCS)), we obtained several morphological and marker intensity measurements, in both cell compartments, allowing the generation of a multiparametric miR-induced phenotypic profile describing changes related to proliferation, cell cycle, pluripotency, and differentiation. Results: Despite the overall similarities between both cell types, some miRNAs elicited cell-specific effects, while some related miRNAs induced contrasting effects in the same cell. By identifying transcripts predicted to be commonly targeted by miRNAs inducing similar effects (profiles grouped by hierarchical clustering), we were able to uncover potentially modulated signaling pathways and biological processes, likely mediating the effects of the microRNAs on the distinct groups identified. Specifically, we show that miR-363 contributes to pluripotency maintenance, at least in part, by targeting NOTCH1 and PSEN1 and inhibiting Notch-induced differentiation, a mechanism that could be implicated in na\uefve and primed pluripotent states. Conclusions: We present the first multiparametric high-content microRNA functional screening in human pluripotent cells. Integration of this type of data with similar data obtained from siRNA screenings (using the same HCS assay) could provide a large-scale functional approach to identify and validate microRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms controlling pluripotency and differentiation

Performance and automation of ancient DNA capture with RNA hyRAD probes

DNA hybridization-capture techniques allow researchers to focus their sequencing efforts on preselected genomic regions. This feature is especially useful when analys- ing ancient DNA (aDNA) extracts, which are often dominated by exogenous environ- mental sources. Here, we assessed, for the first time, the performance of hyRAD as an inexpensive and design-free alternative to commercial capture protocols to obtain authentic aDNA data from osseous remains. HyRAD relies on double enzymatic re- striction of fresh DNA extracts to produce RNA probes that cover only a fraction ofthe genome and can serve as baits for capturing homologous fragments from aDNA li- braries. We found that this approach could retrieve sequence data from horse remains coming from a range of preservation environments, including beyond radiocarbon range, yielding up to 146.5-fold on-target enrichment for aDNA extracts showing ex- tremely low endogenous content (20%¿30%), while the fraction of endogenous reads mapping on- and off-target was relatively insensi- tive to the original endogenous DNA content. Procedures based on two instead of a single round of capture increased on-target coverage up to 3.6-fold. Additionally, we used methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes to produce probes targeting hypo- methylated regions, which improved data quality by reducing post-mortem DNA dam- age and mapping within multicopy regions. Finally, we developed a fully automated hyRAD protocol utilizing inexpensive robotic platforms to facilitate capture process- ing. Overall, our work establishes hyRAD as a cost-effective strategy to recover a set of shared orthologous variants across multiple ancient samples.This project received funding from: the University Paul Sabatier IDEX Chaire d’Excellence (OURASI); the CNRS Programme de Recherche Conjoint (PRC); the CNRS International Research Project (IRP AMADEUS); the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 797449; the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 19-59-15001 “Horses and their importance in the life of the ancient population of Altai and adjacent territories: interdisciplinary research and reconstruction”; and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 681605)

Glycosaminoglycan and Proteoglycan Biotherapeutics in Articular Cartilage Protection and Repair Strategies: Novel Approaches to Visco?supplementation in Orthobiologics

The aim of this study is to review developments in glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan research relevant to cartilage repair biology and in particular the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Glycosaminoglycans decorate a diverse range of extracellular matrix and cell associated proteoglycans conveying structural organization and physico‐chemical properties to tissues. They play key roles mediating cellular interactions with bioactive growth factors, cytokines, and morphogenetic proteins, and structural fibrillar collagens, cell interactive and extracellular matrix proteoglycans, and glycoproteins which define tissue function. Proteoglycan degradation detrimentally affects tissue functional properties. Therapeutic strategies have been developed to counter these degenerative changes. Neo‐proteoglycans prepared from chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronan and hyaluronan or collagen‐binding peptides emulate the interactive, water imbibing, weight bearing, and surface lubricative properties of native proteoglycans. Many neo‐proteoglycans outperform native proteoglycans in terms of water imbibition, matrix stabilization, and resistance to proteolytic degradation. The biospecificity of recombinant proteoglycans however, provides precise attachment to native target molecules. Visco‐supplements augmented with growth factors/therapeutic cells, hyaluronan, and lubricin (orthobiologicals) have the capacity to lubricate and protect cartilage, control inflammation, and promote cartilage repair and regeneration of early cartilage lesions and may represent a more effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of mild to moderate OA and deserve further study

Shedding Light on The Role of Keratinocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Skin-Homing Cells

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secretory lipid membranes with the ability to regulate cellular functions by exchanging biological components between different cells. Resident skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and inflammatory cells can secrete different types of EVs depending on their biological state. These vesicles can influence the physiological properties and pathological processes of skin, such as pigmentation, cutaneous immunity, and wound healing. Since keratinocytes constitute the majority of skin cells, secreted EVs from these cells may alter the pathophysiological behavior of other skin cells. This paper reviews the contents of keratinocyte-derived EVs and their impact on fibroblasts, melanocytes, and immune cells to provide an insight for better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of skin disorders and their use in related therapeutic approaches

Isotopic biographies reveal horse rearing and trading networks in medieval London

This paper reports a high-resolution isotopic study of medieval horse mobility, revealing their origins and in-life mobility both regionally and internationally. The animals were found in an unusual horse cemetery site found within the City of Westminster, London, England. Enamel strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope analysis of 15 individuals provides information about likely place of birth, diet, and mobility during the first approximately 5 years of life. Results show that at least seven horses originated outside of Britain in relatively cold climates, potentially in Scandinavia or the Western Alps. Ancient DNA sexing data indicate no consistent sex-specific mobility patterning, although three of the five females came from exceptionally highly radiogenic regions. Another female with low mobility is suggested to be a sedentary broodmare. Our results provide direct and unprecedented evidence for a variety of horse movement and trading practices in the Middle Ages and highlight the importance of international trade in securing high-quality horses for medieval London elites