Is it still worth it? Applying expectancy-value theory to investigate the intraindividual motivational process of forming intentions to drop out from university

Schnettler T, Bobe J, Scheunemann A, Fries S, Grunschel C. Is it still worth it? Applying expectancy-value theory to investigate the intraindividual motivational process of forming intentions to drop out from university. Motivation and emotion. 2020;44:491–507 .The intraindividual process of study dropout, from forming dropout intention to deregistration, is of motivational nature. Yet typical studies investigate interindividual differences, which do not inform about intraindividual processes. Our study focused on the intraindividual process of forming dropout intention, and applied expectancy-value theory to analyze its motivational underpinnings. To expand research, we considered associations of intraindividual deviations in expectancy, intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, and cost to intraindividual deviations in dropout intention. A total of 326 undergraduate students of law and mathematics rated motivational variables and dropout intention three times from semester start to the final exam period. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that intraindividual changes in intrinsic value, attainment, and cost, but not in expectancy and utility, related to intraindividual changes in dropout intention. Further, we considered students' demographics as moderators. Only age moderated the association between intrinsic value and dropout intention. Our results stress the crucial role of certain value components, including cost, for emerging dropout intention

Vicious and virtuous relationships between procrastination and emotions: an investigation of the reciprocal relationship between academic procrastination and learning-related anxiety and hope

Although cross-sectional studies depict (negative) emotions as both antecedents and consequences of trait procrastination, longitudinal studies examining reciprocal relationships between procrastination and emotions are scant. Yet, investigating reciprocal relationships between procrastination and emotions within long-term frameworks can shed light on the mechanisms underlying these relationships. Additionally, the role of positive emotions concerning procrastination is largely unattended to in the procrastination–emotion research; albeit, this perspective can inform preventive and intervention measures against procrastination. In the present study, we explored reciprocal associations between trait academic procrastination on the one hand and trait-like learning-related anxiety and hope on the other hand over one semester. Overall, N = 789 students in German universities participated in a three-wave online panel study. Participants responded to questions on academic procrastination as well as learning-related anxiety and hope at the beginning (T1), middle (T2), and end (T3) of the lecture period of the semester in approximately 6-week measurement intervals. A latent cross-lagged panel model was used to test the hypotheses. After accounting for autoregressive effects, our results showed that academic procrastination at T1 positively predicted learning-related anxiety at T2. In contrast, academic procrastination at T1 negatively predicted learning-related hope at T2, which in turn negatively predicted academic procrastination at T3. Our results highlight positive emotions (e.g., hope) as also significant factors for procrastination and suggest them as possible “protective factors” against procrastination. Boosting positive emotions as part of interventions against procrastination could potentially help reduce the tendency to procrastinate

Delaying academic tasks and feeling bad about it

Abstract. Procrastination is the irrational delay of an intended task and is common among students. A delay can only be defined as procrastination when it is voluntary, the action was intended but not implemented, and the delay is accompanied by subjective discomfort. Established scales of procrastination cover mainly behavioral aspects but have neglected the emotional aspect. This inaccuracy concerning the construct validity might entail misconceptions of procrastination. Accordingly, we developed and validated the Behavioral and Emotional Academic Procrastination Scale (BEPS), which covers all aspects of the definition of procrastination. The 6-item scale measuring self-reported academic procrastination was tested in three studies. Study 1 (N = 239) evaluated the psychometric qualities of the BEPS, indicating good item characteristics and internal consistency. Study 2 (N = 1,441) used confirmatory factor analysis and revealed two correlated factors: one covering the behavioral aspect and the other reflecting the emotional aspect. Measurement invariance was shown through longitudinal and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Study 3 (N = 234) provided evidence for the scale’s convergent validity through correlations with established procrastination scales, self-efficacy, and neuroticism. The BEPS thus economically operationalizes all characteristics of academic procrastination and appears to be a reliable and valid self-report measure

Study satisfaction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal development and personal-contextual predictors

The COVID-19 pandemic challenges the well-being and academic success of many students. Yet, little is known about students’ study satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic, a multilayered construct which accounts for students’ subjective cognitive well-being and academic success. Besides, previous studies on study satisfaction are mostly cross-sectional and hardly consider the distinct subdimensions of this construct. Therefore, our main goal in this study was to shed light on the understudied development of the subdimensions of study satisfaction (i.e., satisfaction with study content, conditions of studying, and coping with study-related stress) in two semesters amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we examined how particular personal (i.e., gender, age, GPA, intrinsic motivation, motivational cost, and academic procrastination) and contextual (i.e., loneliness) factors are related to these subdimensions. We conducted two panel studies with convenience and purposeful samples of university students in Germany (Nstudy1 = 837; Nstudy2 = 719). Participants responded online to questions on each of the subdimensions of study satisfaction at the beginning, middle, and end of each semester but responded to measures of personal and contextual factors only at the beginning of each semester. In both studies, manifest growth curve models indicated a decrease in all subdimensions of study satisfaction as the semester progressed. Generally, gender (male) and intrinsic motivation were positive predictors but age (younger students), motivational cost, and loneliness were negative predictors of different subdimensions of study satisfaction – particularly satisfaction with study content. Overall, motivational costs and loneliness were the most consistent predictors of all subdimensions of study satisfaction across both studies. Our findings provide support for the understanding that study satisfaction could diminish in the face of challenging situations such as in this pandemic. The present study also highlights certain personal and contextual factors that relate to study satisfaction and calls for intensive research into the multidimensional construct of study satisfaction

Different motivational profiles of university students and their relation to demographic characteristics, learning behavior, and study-related well-being

Auf der Basis eines multidimensionalen Verständnisses von Studienmotivation wird ein Zusammenspiel motivationaler Variablen verschiedener Phasen des Studiums im Hinblick auf akademische Erfolgskriterien angenommen. Jedoch gibt es hierzu bislang keine empirische Evidenz. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde das Ziel verfolgt, das intraindividuelle Zusammenspiel intrinsischer und extrinsischer Studienwahlmotivation als Variablen der Studienvorphase sowie des akademischen Selbstkonzepts und der akademischen Selbstwirksamkeit als Variablen der Phase im Studium in Form motivationaler Profile von Studierenden aufzudecken. Ferner wurden Unterschiede zwischen Studierenden verschiedener motivationaler Profile hinsichtlich demografischer Merkmale, Bildungsmerkmalen, Lernverhalten (Anstrengung und Prokrastination) und Befinden (Studienzufriedenheit, Studienabbruchintention) ermittelt. An der Studie nahmen N = 1,426 Studierende der Studienbereiche MINT, Rechtswissenschaft, Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Erziehungswissenschaft teil. Mittels der Analyse latenter Profile wurden fünf motivationale Profile ermittelt. Männliche Studierende, jüngere Studierende und Studierende jüngerer Semester waren in Profilen mit höheren Ausprägungen der motivationalen Variablen stärker vertreten. Insgesamt wiesen Studierende in Profilen mit höherer im Vergleich zu moderater Studienmotivation ein günstigeres Studierverhalten und geringere Studienabbruchintentionen auf. Der Beitrag stützt die Relevanz, die motivationalen Prozessen für günstiges Lernverhalten und Studienabbruch zugeschrieben wird. Auch wenn ein Großteil der Studierenden in diesem Beitrag eine hohe Studienmotivation berichtete, legen die Befunde nahe, Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Studienmotivation für Subgruppen von Studierenden in der Hochschulpraxis anzubieten. (DIPF/Orig.)On the basis of a multidimensional understanding of study motivation, an interplay of motivational variables of different study phases with regard to academic success is assumed. Yet, it lacks empirical evidence regarding this interplay. The aim of the present study was to uncover the intraindividual interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic study choice motivation representing variables of the pre-university phase and of academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy indexing variables of the study phase as combined in motivational profiles. Furthermore, we identified differences between students of the distinct motivational profiles with respect to demographic characteristics, educational characteristics, learning behavior (effort and procrastination), and well-being (study satisfaction, student dropout intention). The sample consisted of N = 1,426 students, enrolled in STEM, law, economics and educational science majors. Applying latent profile analysis, we identified five motivational profiles. Profiles expressing higher motivation were disproportionate for male students, younger students, and students of lower semesters. Overall, students in profiles with high compared to moderate study motivation showed more adaptive study behavior and lower student dropout intentions. The present study underlines the relevance attributed to motivational processes for adaptive learning behavior and student dropout intention. Although a large proportion of students reported high study motivation, our findings suggest that approaches to foster student motivation should be offered in higher education and address specific groups of students. (DIPF/Orig.

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

CODE AVAILABILITY : Programming R code is openly available together with the database from Figshare.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 : Template for data collectionSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 2 : Data Descriptor WorksheetSpringtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.http://www.nature.com/sdatahj2024Plant Production and Soil ScienceSDG-15:Life on lan

A longitudinal analysis of the reciprocal relationship between academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions in higher education

Scheunemann A, Schnettler T, Bobe J, Fries S, Grunschel C. A longitudinal analysis of the reciprocal relationship between academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions in higher education. European Journal of Psychology of Education. 2021.Student dropout is a multi-causal process. Different theoretical models on student dropout consider dysfunctional study behavior (e.g., academic procrastination) and low study satisfaction as possible determinants of students' dropout intentions during their university studies. However, these models neglect contemporary conceptualizations that assume reverse relationships between dropout intentions and other determinants of the dropout process. Until now, empirical evidence on these assumptions is scant. The present three-wave longitudinal study explored the reciprocal relationships between academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions over one semester. To this end, we used data of N = 326 undergraduate students enrolled in mathematics and law. Our latent cross-lagged panel model replicated existing empirical cross-sectional findings between the variables (i.e., academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions). Regarding the longitudinal relations, as expected, the cross-lagged effects showed that higher dropout intentions significantly related to subsequent higher academic procrastination and lower study satisfaction. Unexpectedly, academic procrastination did not significantly relate to subsequent dropout intentions. Additionally, higher study satisfaction significantly associated with subsequent higher dropout intentions-possibly due to unfulfilled expectations. Further, higher study satisfaction significantly related to subsequent higher procrastination-possibly due to more confidence among satisfied students. Our results broaden the view on dropout intentions as part of the dynamic interplay of student dropout determinants and the need to refine dropout models' assumptions accordingly. Practically, realistic expectations seem important to reduce dropout intentions. Further, student counselors should have a closer look at the reasons for academic procrastination to develop individual solutions for this dysfunctional behavior

Correction to: Is it still worth it? Applying expectancy-value theory to investigate the intraindividual motivational process of forming intentions to drop out from university (vol 44, pg 491, 2020)

Schnettler T, Bobe J, Scheunemann A, Fries S, Grunschel C. Correction to: Is it still worth it? Applying expectancy-value theory to investigate the intraindividual motivational process of forming intentions to drop out from university (vol 44, pg 491, 2020). Motivation and Emotion. 2020;44(5):704-706

The intraindividual co-occurrence of anxiety and hope in procrastination episodes during exam preparations: An experience sampling study

Gadosey CK, Schnettler T, Scheunemann A, Fries S, Grunschel C. The intraindividual co-occurrence of anxiety and hope in procrastination episodes during exam preparations: An experience sampling study. Learning and Individual Differences. 2021;88: 102013.Previous studies have shown that students procrastinate during exam preparation phase. Until now, only a few studies have investigated emotions that accompany academic procrastination in real-life situations. Further, there is a lack of studies that investigate the co-occurrence of both positive and negative emotions during procrastination episodes although both emotions can co-occur and interact within a person. We therefore examined how within-person experiences of exam-related emotions (i.e., anxiety and hope), learning-related confusion, and between-person factors (i.e., trait procrastination, gender, age, semester, and relevant exam) relate to state procrastination of learning during preparations for a relevant end-of-semester exam. A total of N = 93 students participated in an experience sampling procedure for 10 days prior to the relevant exam. As expected, multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that state procrastination was associated with higher anxiety, lower hope, and higher trait procrastination. The association between hope and state procrastination was weaker when anxiety was higher. Confusion and demographic variables had no significant relationship with state procrastination. Interestingly, these emotional experiences related to state procrastination were not comparable to delay per se suggesting that the two phenomena are distinct. Our research highlights the dynamic interplay of anxiety and hope during procrastination episodes